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Toxins
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ALX-550-049 Revised 09-Oct-08
(±)-Ibotenic acid
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SYNONYMS (±)α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-isoxazoleacetic acid
PRODUCT LINE Natural Products / Antibiotics
PRODUCT CATEGORY Neurotoxins
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Product Numbers: Format: Size: Unit Price: Quantity: Add To Cart
ALX-550-049-M001   1 mg 55.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-550-049-M005   5 mg 220.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-550-049-M025   25 mg 690.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C5H6N2O4
MW: 158.1
CAS NUMBER: 2552-55-8
MERCK INDEX: 14: 4877
RTECS: NY2100000
SOURCE/HOST: Synthetic.
PURITY: ≥95%
APPEARANCE: White to off-white solid.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in water, methanol or DMSO.
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: -20°C
HANDLING: Hygroscopic.
HAZARD: TOXIC.

Product Description
Potent glutamate receptor agonist. Neurotoxic agent.
Product Specific Literature References
Central actions of ibotenic acid and muscimol: G.A. Johnston, et al.; Biochem. Pharmacol. 17, 2488 (1968) Abstract
Spinal interneurone excitation by conformationally restricted analogues of L-glutamic acid: G.A. Johnston, et al.; Nature 248, 804 (1974) Abstract
Excitatory amino acid transmitters: J.C. Watkins and R.H. Evans; Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 21, 165 (1981), (Review) Abstract
Agonists and antagonists for metabotropic glutamate receptors: P.L. Ornstein, et al.; Curr. Pharm. Design 1, 355 (1995), (Review)
Further Categories Containing This Product:
NMDA Receptors / Related Products • Excitatory Amino Acids • Glutamate Receptors (Metabotropic) / Related Products
 
 
ALX-350-122 Revised 07-Apr-08
6’-Iodononivamide
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SYNONYMS 6-Iodonordihydrocapsaicin
N-(4-Hydroxy-6-iodo-
3-methoxybenzyl)nonanamide
PRODUCT LINE Natural Products / Antibiotics
PRODUCT CATEGORY Neurotoxins
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ALX-350-122-M005   5 mg 60.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-350-122-M010   10 mg 95.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C17H26INO3
MW: 419.3
PURITY: ≥99% (HPLC)
APPEARANCE: White to off-white powder.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in 100% ethanol or DMSO.
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: -20°C
HANDLING: Protect from light.

Product Description
Potent competitive TRPV1 antagonist (IC50=10nM against 100nM capsaicin; Prod. No. ALX-550-066). Convenient replacement for capsazepine (Prod. No. ALX-550-145) in most of the in vitro preparations currently used to assess the activity of putative vanilloid receptor agonists.
Product Specific Literature References
Halogenation of a capsaicin analogue leads to novel vanilloid TRPV1 receptor antagonists: G. Appendino, et al.; Br. J. Pharmacol. 139, 1417 (2003) Abstract
The taming of capsaicin. Reversal of the vanilloid activity of N-acylvanillamines by aromatic iodination: G. Appendino, et al.; J. Med. Chem. 48, 4663 (2005) Abstract
Further Categories Containing This Product:
TRPV1 Agonists and Antagonists / Related Products
 
 
ALX-630-077 Revised 27-Nov-07
Joro Spider Toxin
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SYNONYMS JSTX-3
PRODUCT LINE Natural Products / Antibiotics
PRODUCT CATEGORY Neurotoxins
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ALX-630-077-C100   100 µg 590.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C27H47N7O6
MW: 565.7
CAS NUMBER: 112163-33-4
SOURCE/HOST: Synthetic. Originally isolated from the spider Nephila clavata.
PURITY: ≥95%
APPEARANCE: White to off-white solid.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in water.
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: +4°C
HANDLING: Hygroscopic. Protect from light and moisture.
HAZARD: VERY TOXIC.

Product Description
Specific, irreversible inhibitor of excitatory post-synaptic potentials. Blocks post-synaptic glutamate potentials. Blocks quisqualate-sensitive glutamate receptors. However, aspartate-induced depolarization, nerve terminal spikes, resting membrane conductance, and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials are unaffected. Antiepileptic. Potent neurotoxin.
Product Specific Literature References
Spider venom contains specific receptor blocker of glutaminergic synapses: N. Kawai, et al.; Brain Res. 247, 169 (1982) Abstract
Uterine arginase inhibition affect the rat embryonic development: Y. Aramaki, et al.; Proc. Jpn. Acad. Ser. B 62, 359 (1986)
Newly synthesized analogues of the spider toxin block the crustacean glutamate receptor: K. Shudo, et al.; Neurosci. Res. 5, 82 (1987) Abstract
Spider toxins as tools for dissecting elements of excitatory amino acid transmission: H. Jackson and P.N. Usherwood; TINS 11, 278 (1988) Abstract
Effects of a spider toxin (JSTX) on hippocampal CA1 neurons in vitro: M. Saito, et al.; Brain Res. 481, 16 (1989) Abstract
A histochemical study of glutamate receptor in rat brain using biotinyl spider toxin: K. Shimazaki, et al.; Neurosci. Lett. 114, 1 (1990) Abstract
A voltage-clamp study of the effects of Joro spider toxin and zinc on excitatory synaptic transmission in CA1 pyramidal cells of the guinea pig hippocampal slice: Y. Sahara, et al.; Neurosci. Res. 10, 200 (1991) Abstract
Spider toxin and pertussis toxin differentiate post- and presynaptic glutamate receptors: N. Kawai; Neurosci. Res. 12, 3 (1991), (Review) Abstract
Arylamine spider toxins antagonize NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission in rat hippocampal slices: A. L. Mueller, et al.; Synapse 9, 244 (1991) Abstract
Ca2+ permeability and joro spider toxin sensitivity of AMPA and kainate receptors on cerebellar granule cells: J. R. Savidge & D. R. Bristow; Eur. J. Pharmacol. 351, 131 (1998) Abstract
Antiepileptic effect of acylpolyaminetoxin JSTX-3 on rat hippocampal CA1 neurons in vitro: S. D. Salamoni, et al.; Brain Res. 1048, 170 (2005) Abstract
Further Categories Containing This Product:
Glutamate Receptors (Metabotropic) / Related Products
 
 
ALX-630-085 Revised 10-Oct-08
Kaliotoxin
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SYNONYMS KTx
PRODUCT LINE Natural Products / Antibiotics
PRODUCT CATEGORY Neurotoxins
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ALX-630-085-C010   10 µg 190.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
SEQUENCE: H-Gly-Val-Glu-Ile-Asn-Val-Lys-Cys-Ser-Gly-Ser-Pro-Gln-Cys-Leu-Lys-Pro-Cys-Lys-Asp-Ala-Gly-Met-Arg-Phe-Gly-Lys-Cys-Met-Asn-Arg-Lys-Cys-His-Cys-Thr-Pro-Lys-OH
(Disulfide bonds between Cys8-Cys28, Cys14-Cys33 and Cys18-Cys35)
FORMULA: C171H283N55O49S8
MW: 4150.0
CAS NUMBER: 145199-73-1
SOURCE/HOST: Synthetic. Originally isolated from Androctonus mauretanicus mauretanicus scorpion venom.
PURITY: ≥98%
APPEARANCE: Lyophilized.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in water.
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: -20°C
Product Description

High conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel blocker. Highly selective for Kv1.1 and Kv1.3. Blocking of Kv1.3 inhibits T cell activation.
Product Specific Literature References
Kaliotoxin, a novel peptidyl inhibitor of neuronal BK-type Ca(2+)- activated K+ channels characterized from Androctonus mauretanicus mauretanicus venom: M. Crest, et al.; J. Biol. Chem. 267, 1640 (1992) Abstract; Full Text
Synthesis and characterization of kaliotoxin. Is the 26-32 sequence essential for potassium channel recognition?: R. Romi, et al.; J. Biol. Chem. 268, 26302 (1993) Abstract; Full Text
3D structure of kaliotoxin: is residue 34 a key for channel selectivity?: M. Gairi, et al.; J. Pept. Sci. 3, 314 (1997) Abstract
Distribution in rat brain of binding sites of kaliotoxin, a blocker of Kv1.1 and Kv1.3 alpha-subunits: C. Mourre, et al.; J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 291, 943 (1999) Abstract
Selective blocking of voltage-gated K+ channels improves experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and inhibits T cell activation: C. Beeton, et al.; J. Immunol. 166, 936 (2001) Abstract
Selective blocking of voltage-gated K+ channels improves experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and inhibits T cell activation: C. Beeton, et al.; J. Immunol. 19, 936 (2001), 155 Abstract
Toxin-induced conformational changes in a potassium channel revealed by solid-state NMR: A. Lange, et al.; Nature 440, 959 (2006) Abstract
Further Categories Containing This Product:
K+ Channel Blockers & Inhibitors
 
 
ALX-630-041 Revised 10-Oct-08
Kaliotoxin (1-37)
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SYNONYMS KTx (1-37)
PRODUCT LINE Natural Products / Antibiotics
PRODUCT CATEGORY Neurotoxins
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ALX-630-041-C100   100 µg 550.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
SEQUENCE: H-Gly-Val-Glu-Ile-Asn-Val-Lys-Cys-Ser-Gly-Ser-Pro-Gln-Cys-Leu-Lys-Pro-Cys-Lys-Asp-Ala-Gly-Met-Arg-Phe-Gly-Lys-Cys-Met-Asn-Arg-Lys-Cys-His-Cys-Thr-Pro-OH
(Disulfide bonds between Cys8-Cys28, Cys 14-Cys33 and Cys18-Cys35)
FORMULA: C165H271N53O48S8
MW: 4021.8
CAS NUMBER: 150769-72-5
SOURCE/HOST: Synthetic. Originally isolated from Androctonus mauretanicus mauretanicus.
APPEARANCE: Lyophilized.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in water.
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: -20°C
Product Description
High conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel blocker.
Product Specific Literature References
Kaliotoxin, a novel peptidyl inhibitor of neuronal BK-type Ca(2+)- activated K+ channels characterized from Androctonus mauretanicus mauretanicus venom: M. Crest, et al.; J. Biol. Chem. 267, 1640 (1992) Abstract; Full Text
Synthesis and characterization of kaliotoxin. Is the 26-32 sequence essential for potassium channel recognition?: R. Romi, et al.; J. Biol. Chem. 268, 26302 (1993) Abstract; Full Text
Kaliotoxin (1-37) shows structural differences with related potassium channel blockers: I. Fernandez, et al.; Biochemistry 33, 14256 (1994) Abstract
3D structure of kaliotoxin: is residue 34 a key for channel selectivity?: M. Gairi, et al.; J. Pept. Sci. 3, 314 (1997) Abstract
On the kaliotoxin and dendrotoxin binding sites on rat brain synaptosomes: N. Tricaud, et al.; Toxicon 38, 1749 (2000) Abstract
Heterogeneous competition of Kv1 channel toxins with kaliotoxin for binding in rat brain: autoradiographic analysis: R. Bessone, et al.; Neurochem. Int. 45, 1039 (2004) Abstract
Toxin-induced conformational changes in a potassium channel revealed by solid-state NMR: A. Lange, et al.; Nature 440, 959 (2006) Abstract
Further Categories Containing This Product:
K+ Channel Blockers & Inhibitors
 
 
ALX-630-027 Revised 09-Oct-08
α-Latrotoxin
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PRODUCT LINE Natural Products / Antibiotics
PRODUCT CATEGORY Neurotoxins
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ALX-630-027-C040   40 µg 450.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
MW: ~130kDa.
CAS NUMBER: 65988-34-3
RTECS: OE9020000
SOURCE/HOST: Isolated from Latrodectus tredecimguttatus.
QUANTITY: Determined by Lowry and Pierce method.
PURITY: ≥97%
APPEARANCE: Lyophilized.
PURITY DETAIL: Migrates as one distinct band when run on a 5-25% gradient polyacrylamide gel according to the method of Laemmli (Nature 227, 680 (1970)).
RECONSTITUTION: Reconstitute in 0.5ml of distilled cold water. Stir very gently. Do not shake or vortex. Add 0.5 ml glycerol. Stock solution received contains 50% glycerol and 300nM α-latrotoxin.
QUALITY CONTROL: Bioassay: Test of the ability to stimulate neurotransmitter release in both Ca2+-free and Ca2+-containing media according to Valtorta. Effective concentration: 100pM-1nM.
SHIPPING: SHIPPED ON BLUE ICE
LONG TERM STORAGE: -20°C
USE/STABILITY: Stock solution is stable for 1 week when stored at +4°C or for at least one year at -20°C.
HAZARD: TOXIC.
Product Description
Causes massive neurotransmitter release from a wide variety of central and peripheral synaptic junctions of vertebrates using Ca2+-dependent and Ca2+-independent pathways. A useful pharmacological tool in the studies of synaptic vesicles exocytosis of different neutrotransmitters.
Product Specific Literature References
Purification from black widow spider venom of a protein factor causing the depletion of synaptic vesicles at neuromuscular junctions: N. Frontali, et al.; J. Cell. Biol. 68, 462 (1976) Abstract
Preparation and properties of a neurotoxin purified from the venom of black widow spider (Latrodectus mactans tredecimguttatus): A. Grasso; Biochim. Biophys. Acta 439, 406 (1976) Abstract
Synaptophysin (p38) at the frog neuromuscular junction: its incorporation into the axolemma and recycling after intense quantal secretion: F. Valtorta, et al.; J. Cell. Biol. 107, 2717 (1988) Abstract
The effect of alpha-latrotoxin on a synaptic connection between identified neurons in the brain of the mollusc Helix pomatia L: O.N. Osipenko, et al.; Toxicon 31, 1123 (1993) Abstract
GTP cleavage by the small GTP-binding protein Rab3A is associated with exocytosis of synaptic vesicles induced by alpha-latrotoxin: B. Stahl, et al.; J. Biol. Chem. 269, 24770 (1994) Abstract; Full Text
Alpha-latrotoxin stimulates glutamate release from cortical astrocytes in cell culture: V. Parpura, et al.; FEBS Lett. 360, 266 (1995) Abstract
Mechanisms of alpha-latrotoxin action: A. W. Henkel & S. Sankaranarayanan; Cell Tissue Res. 296, 229 (1999), (Review) Abstract
alpha-Latrotoxin and its receptors: neurexins and CIRL/latrophilins: T.C. Sudhof; Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 24, 933 (2001), (Review) Abstract
Alpha-latrotoxin induces exocytosis by inhibition of voltage-dependent K+ channels and by stimulation of L-type Ca2+ channels via latrophilin in beta-cells: S. Lajus, et al.; J. Biol. Chem. 281, 5522 (2006) Abstract
General Information
BACKGROUND/TECHNICAL INFORMATION

Attention: For best results, only proceed according to the given instructions. Dissolution and/or storage of this toxin contrary to these instructions may affect the stability and biological activity of this compound.
Further Categories Containing This Product:
Ca2+ Modulators • Exocytosis
 
 
ALX-350-130 Revised 07-Apr-08
Latrunculin A
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PRODUCT LINE Natural Products / Antibiotics
PRODUCT CATEGORY Natural Products for Cytoskeletal Research
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ALX-350-130-C100   100 µg 150.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C22H31NO5S
MW: 421.6
CAS NUMBER: 76343-93-6
MERCK INDEX: 14: 5378
SOURCE/HOST: Isolated from Latrunculia magnifica.
PURITY: ≥98% (HPLC)
APPEARANCE: White to light yellow solid.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in DMSO (25mg/ml) or 100% ethanol (25mg/ml).
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: -20°C
USE/STABILITY: Stable for 1 year after receipt when stored at -20°C. Stock solutions are stable for up to 3 months when stored at -20°C.
HANDLING: Protect from light.
HAZARD: TOXIC.

Product Description
Inhibits actin polymerization via a different mechanism and 10- to 20-fold more potently than cytochalasins. Inhibits phagocytosis by macrophages.
Product Specific Literature References
Latrunculins: novel marine toxins that disrupt microfilament organization in cultured cells: I. Spector, et al.; Science 219, 493 (1983) Abstract
Latrunculin inhibits the microfilament-mediated processes during fertilization, cleavage and early development in sea urchins and mice: G. Schatten, et al.; Exp. Cell Res. 166, 191 (1986) Abstract
Inhibition of actin polymerization by latrunculin: A: M. Coue, et al.; FEBS Lett. 213, 316 (1987) Abstract
Latrunculin A is a potent inhibitor of phagocytosis by macrophages: C.A. de Oliveira and B. Mantovani; Life Sci. 43, 1825 (1988) Abstract
Latrunculins--novel marine macrolides that disrupt microfilament organization and affect cell growth: I. Comparison with cytochalasin D: I. Spector, et al.; Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 13, 127 (1989) Abstract
High rates of actin filament turnover in budding yeast and roles for actin in establishment and maintenance of cell polarity revealed using the actin inhibitor latrunculin-A: K.R. Ayscough, et al.; J. Cell Biol. 137, 399 (1997) Abstract; Full Text
Differential effects of latrunculin-A on myofibrils in cultures of skeletal muscle cells: Insights into mechanisms of myofibrillogenesis: J. Wang, et al.; Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 62, 35 (2005) Abstract
Seizures induced by microperfusion of glutamate and glycine in the hippocampus of rats pretreated with latrunculin A: A. Vazquez-Lopez; Neurosci. Lett. 388, 81 (2005) Abstract
Latrunculin A depolarizes starfish oocytes: F. Moccia; Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Mol. Integr. Physiol. 148, 845 (2007) Abstract
Further Categories Containing This Product:
Other Toxins • Actin / Related Products • Marine Natural Products
 
 
ALX-350-036 Revised 18-Jan-08
Latrunculin B
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PRODUCT LINE Natural Products / Antibiotics
PRODUCT CATEGORY Natural Products for Cytoskeletal Research
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ALX-350-036-C100   100 µg 48.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-350-036-M001   1 mg 120.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C20H29NO5S
MW: 395.5
CAS NUMBER: 76343-94-7
MERCK INDEX: 14: 5378
SOURCE/HOST: Isolated from Latrunculia magnifica.
PURITY: ≥97% (HPLC)
APPEARANCE: White to light yellow solid.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in DMSO (25mg/ml) or 100% ethanol (25mg/ml).
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: -20°C
HAZARD: TOXIC.

Product Description
Structurally unique marine toxin. Actin filament modulator. 10- to 100-fold more potent than cytochalasins. Whereas cytochalasin D (Prod. No. ALX-380-031) induces dissolution of F-actin and stress fiber contraction in fibroblasts in culture, latrunculin B causes a shortening and thickening of stress fibers.
Product Specific Literature References
Latrunculins: novel marine toxins that disrupt microfilament organization in cultured cells: I. Spector, et al.; Science 219, 493 (1983) Abstract
Latrunculin inhibits the microfilament-mediated processes during fertilization, cleavage and early development in sea urchins and mice: G. Schatten, et al.; Exp. Cell. Res. 166, 191 (1986) Abstract
Inhibition of actin polymerization by latrunculin: M. Coue, et al.; FEBS Lett. 213, 316 (1987) Abstract
Latrunculin A is a potent inhibitor of phagocytosis by macrophages: C.A. de Oliveira & B. Mantovani; Life Sci. 43, 1825 (1988) Abstract
Latrunculins--novel marine macrolides that disrupt microfilament organization and affect cell growth: I. Comparison with cytochalasin D: I. Spector, et al.; Cell Motility & Cytoskeleton 13, 127 (1989) Abstract
Effects of cytochalasin D and latrunculin B on mechanical properties of cells: T. Wakatsuki, et al.; J. Cell. Sci. 114, 1025 (2001) Abstract
Further Categories Containing This Product:
Other Toxins • Actin / Related Products • Marine Natural Products
 
 
ALX-550-002 Revised 07-Oct-08
LY-83,583
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SYNONYMS 6-(Phenylamino)-5,8-quinolinedione
6-Anilino-5,8-quinolinedione
PRODUCT LINE Natural Products / Antibiotics
PRODUCT CATEGORY Neurotoxins
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ALX-550-002-M005   5 mg 55.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-550-002-M025   25 mg 220.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-550-002-M100   100 mg 390.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C15H10N2O2
MW: 250.3
CAS NUMBER: 91300-60-6
SOURCE/HOST: Synthetic.
PURITY: ≥95%
APPEARANCE: Dark red powder.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in methanol or diluted aqueous acid. Insoluble in water.
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: -20