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ALX-350-081 Revised 30-Jun-08
Microcystin-LF
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PRODUCT LINE Natural Products / Antibiotics
PRODUCT CATEGORY Microcystins
Ordering Information
Product Numbers: Format: Size: Unit Price: Quantity: Add To Cart
ALX-350-081-C025   25 µg 135.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-350-081-C100   100 µg 390.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C52H71N7O12
MW: 986.2
SOURCE/HOST: Isolated from Microcystis aeruginosa.
PURITY: ≥95% (HPLC)
APPEARANCE: Whitish film adhered to inside of the vial.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in methanol.
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: -20°C
USE/STABILITY: Stable in solution for at least 4 weeks when stored at -20 °C.
HANDLING: For maximum product recovery after thawing, centrifuge the vial before opening the cap.
HAZARD: HIGHLY IRRITANT. VERY TOXIC. MAY BE CARCINOGENIC.
IDENTITY: Identity determined by MS.

Product Description
Analog of microcystin-LR (Prod. No. ALX-350-012) with Phe substituted in place of Arg. Hydrophobic and believed to be more cell permeable than other microcystins. More toxic than the more hydrophilic analogs such as microcystin-LR and microcystin-LY.
Product Specific Literature References
Extraction and high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of microcystins in raw and treated waters: L.A. Lawton, et al.; Analyst 119, 1525 (1994) Abstract
First report of microcystins from a Brazilian isolate of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa: S.M.F.O. Azevedo, et al.; J. Appl. Phycology 6, 261 (1994)
Isolation and characterization of microcystins from laboratory cultures and environmental samples of Microcystis aeruginosa and from an associated animal toxicosis: L.A. Lawton, et al.; Nat. Toxins 3, 50 (1995) Abstract
Comparative toxicity of four microcystins of different hydrophobicities to the protozoan, Tetrahymena pyriformis: C.J. Ward & G.A. Codd; J. Appl. Microbiol. 86, 874 (1999) Abstract
Detection and quantification of microcystins (cyanobacterial hepatotoxins) with recombinant antibody fragments isolated from a naive human phage display library: J. McElhiney, et al.; FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 193, 83 (2000) Abstract
Pseudodiarrhoea in zebra mussels Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas) exposed to microcystins: G. Juhel, et al.; J. Exp. Biol. 209, 810 (2006) Abstract
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Further Categories Containing This Product:
Other Toxins • Marine Natural Products
 
 
ALX-350-012 Revised 23-Oct-08
Microcystin-LR
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PRODUCT LINE Natural Products / Antibiotics
PRODUCT CATEGORY Microcystins
Ordering Information
Product Numbers: Format: Size: Unit Price: Quantity: Add To Cart
ALX-350-012-C050   50 µg 24.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-350-012-C100   100 µg 46.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-350-012-C500   500 µg 175.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-350-012-M001   1 mg 330.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C49H74N10O12
MW: 995.2
CAS NUMBER: 101043-37-2
RTECS: GT2810000
SOURCE/HOST: Isolated from Microcystis aeruginosa.
PURITY: ≥95% (HPLC)
APPEARANCE: Whitish film adhered to inside of the vial.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in 100% ethanol, methanol or DMSO.
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: -20°C
USE/STABILITY: Stock solutions are stable for up to 6 months when stored at -20°C. Unstable at pH>7.7.
HANDLING: For maximum product recovery after thawing, centrifuge the vial before opening the cap.
HAZARD: MAY BE CARCINOGENIC. VERY TOXIC. HIGHLY IRRITANT.

Product Description
Heptapeptide ester hepatotoxin. Tumor promoter. Equally potent and selective inhibitor of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A). PP2B is less sensitive and PP2C is not inhibited up to 4µM. Useful for affinity-purification of PP2A. The product is not cell permeable except in liver cells, which appear to have a functional uptake system. Has no effect on protein kinases. Less toxic than the more hydrophobic analogs microcystin-LY, -LW and -LF. Frequently contaminates fresh-water lakes and ponds. Causes livestock poisonings. Ozonation did lead to complete loss of toxicity and toxins from contaminated samples.
Product Specific Literature References
Structural studies on cyanoginosins-LR, -YR, -YA, and -YM, peptide toxins from Microcystis aeruginosa: D.P. Botes, et al.; JCS Perkin Trans. I, 2747 (1985)
Nodularin, microcystin, and the configuration of Adda: K.L. Rinehart, et al.; JACS 110, 8557 (1988)
Characterization of microcystin-LR, a potent inhibitor of type 1 and type 2A protein phosphatases: R.E. Honkanen, et al.; J. Biol. Chem. 265, 19401 (1990) Abstract; Full Text
Cyanobacterial microcystin-LR is a potent and specific inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A from both mammals and higher plants: C. MacKintosh, et al.; FEBS Lett. 264, 187 (1990) Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2A is a specific protamine-kinase-inactivating phosphatase: G.D. Amick, et al.; Biochem. J. 287, 1019 (1992) Abstract
Evidence for the regulation of exocytic transport by protein phosphorylation: H.W. Davidson, et al.; J. Cell. Biol. 116, 1343 (1992) Abstract
Liver tumor promotion by the cyanobacterial cyclic peptide toxin microcystin-LR: R. Nishiwaki-Matsushima, et al.; J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 118, 420 (1992) Abstract
Two significant aspects of microcystin-LR: specific binding and liver specificity: R. Nishiwaki, et al.; Cancer Lett. 83, 283 (1994) Abstract
Comparative toxicity of four microcystins of different hydrophobicities to the protozoan, Tetrahymena pyriformis: C.J. Ward & G.A. Codd; J. Appl. Microbiol. 86, 874 (1999) Abstract
Unique features of the okadaic acid activity class of tumor promoters: H. Fujiki & M. Suganuma; J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 125, 150 (1999), Review Abstract
The toxicology of microcystin-LR: occurrence, toxicokinetics, toxicodynamics, diagnosis and treatment: K. Bischoff; Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 43, 294 (2001), Review Abstract
Negative regulation of ERK and Elk by protein kinase B modulates c-Fos transcription: I. Galetic, et al.; J. Biol. Chem. 278, 4416 (2003) Abstract; Full Text
Decrease in toxicity of microcystins LA and LR in drinking water by ozonation: S. Brooke, et al.; Toxicon. 48, 1054 (2006) Abstract
Mitochondria a key role in microcystin-LR kidney intoxication: R. La-Salete, et al.; J. Appl. Toxicol. 28, 55 (2008) Abstract
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Further Categories Containing This Product:
Other Toxins • Natural Products - Other Tumor Promoters • Carcinogens & Tumor Promoters Other Products • Marine Natural Products
 
 
ALX-350-080 Revised 11-Jan-08
Microcystin-LW
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PRODUCT LINE Natural Products / Antibiotics
PRODUCT CATEGORY Microcystins
Ordering Information
Product Numbers: Format: Size: Unit Price: Quantity: Add To Cart
ALX-350-080-C025   25 µg 135.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-350-080-C100   100 µg 390.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C54H72N8O12
MW: 1025.2
SOURCE/HOST: Isolated from Microcystis aeruginosa.
PURITY: ≥95% (HPLC)
APPEARANCE: Whitish film adhered to inside of the vial.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in 100% methanol.
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: -20°C
HANDLING: For maximum product recovery after thawing, centrifuge the vial before opening the cap.
HAZARD: MAY BE CARCINOGENIC. HIGHLY IRRITANT. VERY TOXIC.

Product Description
Analog of microcystin-LR (Prod. No. ALX-350-012) with Trp substituted in place of Arg. Hydrophobic and believed to be more cell permeable than other microcystins. May prove useful in biochemical studies in intact cells. Microcystin-LW has a characteristically different absorption spectrum compared to other microcystins, making it a useful reference compound for HPLC analysis. The Trp confers an absorption maximum at 222nm, whereas most microcystins have a characteristic maximum at 239nm.
Product Specific Literature References
Extraction and high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of microcystins in raw and treated waters: L.A. Lawton, et al.; Analyst 119, 1525 (1994) Abstract
Isolation and characterization of microcystins from laboratory cultures and environmental samples of Microcystis aeruginosa and from an associated animal toxicosis: L.A. Lawton, et al.; Nat. Toxins 3, 50 (1995) Abstract
Comparative toxicity of four microcystins of different hydrophobicities to the protozoan, Tetrahymena pyriformis: C.J. Ward & G.A. Codd; J. Appl. Microbiol. 86, 874 (1999) Abstract
Detection and quantification of microcystins (cyanobacterial hepatotoxins) with recombinant antibody fragments isolated from a naive human phage display library: J. McElhiney, et al.; FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 193, 83 (2000) Abstract
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Further Categories Containing This Product:
Other Toxins • Marine Natural Products
 
 
ALX-350-148 Revised 06-Jun-08
Microcystin-LY
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PRODUCT LINE Natural Products / Antibiotics
PRODUCT CATEGORY Microcystins
Ordering Information
Product Numbers: Format: Size: Unit Price: Quantity: Add To Cart
ALX-350-148-C025   25 µg 135.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-350-148-C100   100 µg 390.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C52H71N7O13
MW: 1002.2
SOURCE/HOST: Isolated from Microcystis aeruginosa.
PURITY: ≥95% (HPLC)
APPEARANCE: Whitish film adhered to inside of the vial.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in 100% ethanol or methanol.
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: -20°C
USE/STABILITY: Stock solutions are stable for up to 6 months when stored at -20°C. Unstable at pH>7.7.
HANDLING: For maximum product recovery after thawing, centrifuge the vial before opening the cap.
HAZARD: MAY BE CARCINOGENIC. VERY TOXIC. HIGHLY IRRITANT.
IDENTITY: Identity determined by MS.

Product Description
Analog of microcystin-LR (Prod. No. ALX-350-012) with Tyr substituted in place of Arg. Its toxicity is intermediate between the more toxic microcystin-LF and the less toxic microcystin-LR.
Product Specific Literature References
The effects of single L-amino acid substitutions on the lethal potencies of the microcystins: R.D. Stoner, et al.; Toxicon 27, 825 (1989)
Identification and characterization of microcystin-LY from Microcystis aeruginosa (strain 298): S. Rudolph-Bohner, et al.; Biol. Chem. Hoppe Seyler 374, 635 (1993) Abstract
Comparative toxicity of four microcystins of different hydrophobicities to the protozoan, Tetrahymena pyriformis: C.J. Ward & G.A. Codd; J. Appl. Microbiol. 86, 874 (1999) Abstract
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Further Categories Containing This Product:
Other Toxins • Marine Natural Products
 
 
ALX-350-043 Revised 06-Jun-08
Microcystin-RR
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PRODUCT LINE Natural Products / Antibiotics
PRODUCT CATEGORY Microcystins
Ordering Information
Product Numbers: Format: Size: Unit Price: Quantity: Add To Cart
ALX-350-043-C050   50 µg 70.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-350-043-C100   100 µg 125.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-350-043-C250   250 µg 240.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-350-043-C500   500 µg 470.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-350-043-M001   1 mg 850.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C49H75N13O12
MW: 1038.2
CAS NUMBER: 111755-37-4
SOURCE/HOST: Isolated from Microcystis aeruginosa.
PURITY: ≥95% (HPLC)
APPEARANCE: Clear to whitish film adhered to inside of vial.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in 80% aqueous methanol.
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: -20°C
HANDLING: For maximum product recovery after thawing, centrifuge the vial before opening the cap.
HAZARD: MAY BE CARCINOGENIC. VERY TOXIC. HIGHLY IRRITANT.
IDENTITY: Identity determined by MS.

Product Description
Arg-Arg analog of microcystin-LR (Prod. No. ALX-350-012). Hepatotoxic, although found to be up to 10-fold less toxic than microcystin-LR on i.p. injection in mice. Potent inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A).
Product Specific Literature References
The structure of a cyclic peptide toxin, cyanogenosin-RR from Microcystis aeruginosa: P. Painuly, et al.; THL 29, 11 (1988)
Toxicity and toxins of natural blooms and isolated strains of Microcystis spp. (Cyanobacteria) and improved procedure for purification of cultures: M. Shirai, et al.; Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57, 1241 (1991) Abstract
Inhibition of protein phosphatases activates glucose-6-phosphatase in isolated rat hepatocytes: S. Claeyssens, et al.; FEBS Lett. 315, 7 (1993) Abstract
Extraction and high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of microcystins in raw and treated waters: L.A. Lawton, et al.; Analyst 119, 1525 (1994) Abstract
Determination of some physicochemical parameters of microcystins (cyanobacterial toxins) and trace level analysis in environmental samples using liquid chromatography: C. Rivasseau, et al.; J. Chromatogr. A 799, 155 (1998) Abstract
Physiological and biochemical analyses of microcystin-RR toxicity to the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus: Z.Q. Hu, et al.; Environ. Toxicol. 19, 571 (2004) Abstract
Microcystin-RR-induced accumulation of reactive oxygen species and alteration of antioxidant systems in tobacco BY-2 cells: L. Yin, et al.; Toxicon. 46, 507 (2005) Abstract
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Further Categories Containing This Product:
Other Toxins • Marine Natural Products • Oxidative Stress Markers & Reagents / Related Products
 
 
ALX-350-044 Revised 06-Jun-08
Microcystin-YR
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PRODUCT LINE Natural Products / Antibiotics
PRODUCT CATEGORY Microcystins
Ordering Information
Product Numbers: Format: Size: Unit Price: Quantity: Add To Cart
ALX-350-044-C025   25 µg 140.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-350-044-C100   100 µg 210.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C52H72N10O13
MW: 1045.2
CAS NUMBER: 101064-48-6
SOURCE/HOST: Isolated from Microcystis aeruginosa.
PURITY: ≥95% (HPLC)
APPEARANCE: Whitish film adhered to inside of the vial.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in 100% ethanol, methanol or DMSO.
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: -20°C
HANDLING: For maximum product recovery after thawing, centrifuge the vial before opening the cap.
HAZARD: MAY BE CARCINOGENIC. HIGHLY IRRITANT. VERY TOXIC.
IDENTITY: Identity determined by MS.

Product Description
Analog of microcystin-LR (Prod. No. ALX-350-012) with Tyr substituted in place of Leu. As for all microcystins the conjugated double bonds in the ADDA moiety cause a characteristic absorption maximum at 238nm. The Tyr residue in position 2 of microcystin-YR confers an absorption maximum at 232nm. Potent inhibitor of eukaryotic protein phosphatases 1 and 2A. Useful as a reference compound in environmental analysis. The hydroxyl group of the Tyr residue may prove useful for linking microcystin-YR via conjugation to other chemicals. Inhibits the synthesis of proteases such as cathepsin D and L, and arginine aminopeptidase.
Product Specific Literature References
Structural studies on cyanoginosins-LR, -YR, -YA, and -YM, peptide toxins from Microcystis aeruginosa: D.P. Botes, et al.; JCS Perkin Trans. I, 2747 (1985)
Cyanobacteria secondary metabolites - the cyanotoxins: W.W. Carmichael; J. Appl. Bacteriol. 72, 445 (1992) Abstract
Extraction and high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of microcystins in raw and treated waters: L.A. Lawton, et al.; Analyst 119, 1525 (1994) Abstract
Characterization of natural toxins with inhibitory activity against serine/threonine protein phosphatases: R.E. Honkanen, et al.; Toxicon 32, 339 (1994) Abstract
Isolation and characterization of microcystins from laboratory cultures and environmental samples of Microcystis aeruginosa and from an associated animal toxicosis: L.A. Lawton, et al.; Nat. Toxins 3, 50 (1995) Abstract
The cyanotoxins: W.W. Carmichael; Adv. Bot. Res. 27, 211 (1997)
The toxicology of microcystins: R.M. Dawson; Toxicon 36, 953 (1998) Abstract
Molecular mechanisms underlying inhibition of protein phosphatases by marine toxins: J.F. Dawson and C.F. Holmes; Front. Biosci. 4, D646 (1999) Abstract
Isolation and detection of microcystins and nodularins, cyanobacterial peptide hepatotoxins: J. Meriluoto, et al.; Methods Mol. Biol. 145, 65 (2000) Abstract
Toxicology and evaluation of microcystins: P.K. Lam, et al.; Ther. Drug. Monit. 22, 69 (2000) Abstract
Influence of microcystin-YR and nodularin on the activity of some proteolytic enzymes in mouse liver: A. Lankoff & A. Kolataj; Toxicon. 39, 419 (2001) Abstract
Molecular enzymology underlying regulation of protein phosphatase-1 by natural toxins: C.F. Holmes, et al.; Curr. Med. Chem. 9, 1981 (2002) Abstract
The microcystins and nodularins: cyclic polypeptide inhibitors of PP1 and PP2A: B.M. Gulledgea, et al.; Curr. Med. Chem. 9, 1991 (2002) Abstract
Production of secondary metabolites by freshwater cyanobacteria: K. Harada; Pharm. Bull. 52, 889 (2004) Abstract
Genetic contributions to the risk assessment of microcystin in the environment: E. Dittmann and T. Borner; Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 203, 192 (2005) Abstract
Detection of the cyanobacterial hepatotoxins microcystins: J. McElhiney and L.A. Lawton; Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 203, 219 (2005) Abstract
Guidance values for microcystins in water and cyanobacterial supplement products (blue-green algal supplements): a reasonable or misguided approach?: D. Dietrich and S. Hoeger; Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 203, 273 (2005) Abstract
Acute and subacute toxic effects produced by microcystin-YR on the fish cell lines RTG-2 and PLHC-1: S. Pichardo, et al.; Toxicol. In Vitro 21, 1460 (2007) Abstract
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Further Categories Containing This Product:
Proteases Other Products • Other Toxins • Marine Natural Products
 
 
ALX-350-061 Revised 08-Oct-08
Nodularin
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PRODUCT LINE Natural Products / Antibiotics
PRODUCT CATEGORY Microcystins
Ordering Information
Product Numbers: Format: Size: Unit Price: Quantity: Add To Cart
ALX-350-061-C050   50 µg 37.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-350-061-C100   100 µg 70.00 USD