• Home
  • Sitemap
  • Help
  • Technical Support
  • Contact
Microcystins
You are here: Product Lines > Natural Products / Antibiotics > Natural Products > Natural Products - Signal Transduction Pathway Modulators > Microcystins
Toolbar - View Selection
 
Items 13 of 13
ALX-350-012 Revised 23-Oct-08
Microcystin-LR
Add to Clipboard
PRODUCT LINE Natural Products / Antibiotics
PRODUCT CATEGORY Microcystins
Ordering Information
Product Numbers: Format: Size: Unit Price: Quantity: Add To Cart
ALX-350-012-C050   50 µg 24.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-350-012-C100   100 µg 46.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-350-012-C500   500 µg 175.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-350-012-M001   1 mg 330.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C49H74N10O12
MW: 995.2
CAS NUMBER: 101043-37-2
RTECS: GT2810000
SOURCE/HOST: Isolated from Microcystis aeruginosa.
PURITY: ≥95% (HPLC)
APPEARANCE: Whitish film adhered to inside of the vial.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in 100% ethanol, methanol or DMSO.
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: -20°C
USE/STABILITY: Stock solutions are stable for up to 6 months when stored at -20°C. Unstable at pH>7.7.
HANDLING: For maximum product recovery after thawing, centrifuge the vial before opening the cap.
HAZARD: MAY BE CARCINOGENIC. VERY TOXIC. HIGHLY IRRITANT.

Product Description
Heptapeptide ester hepatotoxin. Tumor promoter. Equally potent and selective inhibitor of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A). PP2B is less sensitive and PP2C is not inhibited up to 4µM. Useful for affinity-purification of PP2A. The product is not cell permeable except in liver cells, which appear to have a functional uptake system. Has no effect on protein kinases. Less toxic than the more hydrophobic analogs microcystin-LY, -LW and -LF. Frequently contaminates fresh-water lakes and ponds. Causes livestock poisonings. Ozonation did lead to complete loss of toxicity and toxins from contaminated samples.
Product Specific Literature References
Structural studies on cyanoginosins-LR, -YR, -YA, and -YM, peptide toxins from Microcystis aeruginosa: D.P. Botes, et al.; JCS Perkin Trans. I, 2747 (1985)
Nodularin, microcystin, and the configuration of Adda: K.L. Rinehart, et al.; JACS 110, 8557 (1988)
Characterization of microcystin-LR, a potent inhibitor of type 1 and type 2A protein phosphatases: R.E. Honkanen, et al.; J. Biol. Chem. 265, 19401 (1990) Abstract; Full Text
Cyanobacterial microcystin-LR is a potent and specific inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A from both mammals and higher plants: C. MacKintosh, et al.; FEBS Lett. 264, 187 (1990) Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2A is a specific protamine-kinase-inactivating phosphatase: G.D. Amick, et al.; Biochem. J. 287, 1019 (1992) Abstract
Evidence for the regulation of exocytic transport by protein phosphorylation: H.W. Davidson, et al.; J. Cell. Biol. 116, 1343 (1992) Abstract
Liver tumor promotion by the cyanobacterial cyclic peptide toxin microcystin-LR: R. Nishiwaki-Matsushima, et al.; J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 118, 420 (1992) Abstract
Two significant aspects of microcystin-LR: specific binding and liver specificity: R. Nishiwaki, et al.; Cancer Lett. 83, 283 (1994) Abstract
Comparative toxicity of four microcystins of different hydrophobicities to the protozoan, Tetrahymena pyriformis: C.J. Ward & G.A. Codd; J. Appl. Microbiol. 86, 874 (1999) Abstract
Unique features of the okadaic acid activity class of tumor promoters: H. Fujiki & M. Suganuma; J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 125, 150 (1999), Review Abstract
The toxicology of microcystin-LR: occurrence, toxicokinetics, toxicodynamics, diagnosis and treatment: K. Bischoff; Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 43, 294 (2001), Review Abstract
Negative regulation of ERK and Elk by protein kinase B modulates c-Fos transcription: I. Galetic, et al.; J. Biol. Chem. 278, 4416 (2003) Abstract; Full Text
Decrease in toxicity of microcystins LA and LR in drinking water by ozonation: S. Brooke, et al.; Toxicon. 48, 1054 (2006) Abstract
Mitochondria a key role in microcystin-LR kidney intoxication: R. La-Salete, et al.; J. Appl. Toxicol. 28, 55 (2008) Abstract
Related Products
Further Categories Containing This Product:
Other Toxins • Natural Products - Other Tumor Promoters • Carcinogens & Tumor Promoters Other Products • Marine Natural Products
 
 
ALX-350-043 Revised 06-Jun-08
Microcystin-RR
Add to Clipboard
PRODUCT LINE Natural Products / Antibiotics
PRODUCT CATEGORY Microcystins
Ordering Information
Product Numbers: Format: Size: Unit Price: Quantity: Add To Cart
ALX-350-043-C050   50 µg 70.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-350-043-C100   100 µg 125.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-350-043-C250   250 µg 240.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-350-043-C500   500 µg 470.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-350-043-M001   1 mg 850.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C49H75N13O12
MW: 1038.2
CAS NUMBER: 111755-37-4
SOURCE/HOST: Isolated from Microcystis aeruginosa.
PURITY: ≥95% (HPLC)
APPEARANCE: Clear to whitish film adhered to inside of vial.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in 80% aqueous methanol.
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: -20°C
HANDLING: For maximum product recovery after thawing, centrifuge the vial before opening the cap.
HAZARD: MAY BE CARCINOGENIC. VERY TOXIC. HIGHLY IRRITANT.
IDENTITY: Identity determined by MS.

Product Description
Arg-Arg analog of microcystin-LR (Prod. No. ALX-350-012). Hepatotoxic, although found to be up to 10-fold less toxic than microcystin-LR on i.p. injection in mice. Potent inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A).
Product Specific Literature References
The structure of a cyclic peptide toxin, cyanogenosin-RR from Microcystis aeruginosa: P. Painuly, et al.; THL 29, 11 (1988)
Toxicity and toxins of natural blooms and isolated strains of Microcystis spp. (Cyanobacteria) and improved procedure for purification of cultures: M. Shirai, et al.; Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57, 1241 (1991) Abstract
Inhibition of protein phosphatases activates glucose-6-phosphatase in isolated rat hepatocytes: S. Claeyssens, et al.; FEBS Lett. 315, 7 (1993) Abstract
Extraction and high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of microcystins in raw and treated waters: L.A. Lawton, et al.; Analyst 119, 1525 (1994) Abstract
Determination of some physicochemical parameters of microcystins (cyanobacterial toxins) and trace level analysis in environmental samples using liquid chromatography: C. Rivasseau, et al.; J. Chromatogr. A 799, 155 (1998) Abstract
Physiological and biochemical analyses of microcystin-RR toxicity to the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus: Z.Q. Hu, et al.; Environ. Toxicol. 19, 571 (2004) Abstract
Microcystin-RR-induced accumulation of reactive oxygen species and alteration of antioxidant systems in tobacco BY-2 cells: L. Yin, et al.; Toxicon. 46, 507 (2005) Abstract
Related Products
Further Categories Containing This Product:
Other Toxins • Marine Natural Products • Oxidative Stress Markers & Reagents / Related Products
 
 
ALX-350-044 Revised 06-Jun-08
Microcystin-YR
Add to Clipboard
PRODUCT LINE Natural Products / Antibiotics
PRODUCT CATEGORY Microcystins
Ordering Information
Product Numbers: Format: Size: Unit Price: Quantity: Add To Cart
ALX-350-044-C025   25 µg 140.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-350-044-C100   100 µg 210.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C52H72N10O13
MW: 1045.2
CAS NUMBER: 101064-48-6
SOURCE/HOST: Isolated from Microcystis aeruginosa.
PURITY: ≥95% (HPLC)
APPEARANCE: Whitish film adhered to inside of the vial.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in 100% ethanol, methanol or DMSO.
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: -20°C
HANDLING: For maximum product recovery after thawing, centrifuge the vial before opening the cap.
HAZARD: MAY BE CARCINOGENIC. HIGHLY IRRITANT. VERY TOXIC.
IDENTITY: Identity determined by MS.

Product Description
Analog of microcystin-LR (Prod. No. ALX-350-012) with Tyr substituted in place of Leu. As for all microcystins the conjugated double bonds in the ADDA moiety cause a characteristic absorption maximum at 238nm. The Tyr residue in position 2 of microcystin-YR confers an absorption maximum at 232nm. Potent inhibitor of eukaryotic protein phosphatases 1 and 2A. Useful as a reference compound in environmental analysis. The hydroxyl group of the Tyr residue may prove useful for linking microcystin-YR via conjugation to other chemicals. Inhibits the synthesis of proteases such as cathepsin D and L, and arginine aminopeptidase.
Product Specific Literature References
Structural studies on cyanoginosins-LR, -YR, -YA, and -YM, peptide toxins from Microcystis aeruginosa: D.P. Botes, et al.; JCS Perkin Trans. I, 2747 (1985)
Cyanobacteria secondary metabolites - the cyanotoxins: W.W. Carmichael; J. Appl. Bacteriol. 72, 445 (1992) Abstract
Extraction and high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of microcystins in raw and treated waters: L.A. Lawton, et al.; Analyst 119, 1525 (1994) Abstract
Characterization of natural toxins with inhibitory activity against serine/threonine protein phosphatases: R.E. Honkanen, et al.; Toxicon 32, 339 (1994) Abstract
Isolation and characterization of microcystins from laboratory cultures and environmental samples of Microcystis aeruginosa and from an associated animal toxicosis: L.A. Lawton, et al.; Nat. Toxins 3, 50 (1995) Abstract
The cyanotoxins: W.W. Carmichael; Adv. Bot. Res. 27, 211 (1997)
The toxicology of microcystins: R.M. Dawson; Toxicon 36, 953 (1998) Abstract
Molecular mechanisms underlying inhibition of protein phosphatases by marine toxins: J.F. Dawson and C.F. Holmes; Front. Biosci. 4, D646 (1999) Abstract
Isolation and detection of microcystins and nodularins, cyanobacterial peptide hepatotoxins: J. Meriluoto, et al.; Methods Mol. Biol. 145, 65 (2000) Abstract
Toxicology and evaluation of microcystins: P.K. Lam, et al.; Ther. Drug. Monit. 22, 69 (2000) Abstract
Influence of microcystin-YR and nodularin on the activity of some proteolytic enzymes in mouse liver: A. Lankoff & A. Kolataj; Toxicon. 39, 419 (2001) Abstract
Molecular enzymology underlying regulation of protein phosphatase-1 by natural toxins: C.F. Holmes, et al.; Curr. Med. Chem. 9, 1981 (2002) Abstract
The microcystins and nodularins: cyclic polypeptide inhibitors of PP1 and PP2A: B.M. Gulledgea, et al.; Curr. Med. Chem. 9, 1991 (2002) Abstract
Production of secondary metabolites by freshwater cyanobacteria: K. Harada; Pharm. Bull. 52, 889 (2004) Abstract
Genetic contributions to the risk assessment of microcystin in the environment: E. Dittmann and T. Borner; Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 203, 192 (2005) Abstract
Detection of the cyanobacterial hepatotoxins microcystins: J. McElhiney and L.A. Lawton; Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 203, 219 (2005) Abstract
Guidance values for microcystins in water and cyanobacterial supplement products (blue-green algal supplements): a reasonable or misguided approach?: D. Dietrich and S. Hoeger; Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 203, 273 (2005) Abstract
Acute and subacute toxic effects produced by microcystin-YR on the fish cell lines RTG-2 and PLHC-1: S. Pichardo, et al.; Toxicol. In Vitro 21, 1460 (2007) Abstract
Related Products
Further Categories Containing This Product:
Proteases Other Products • Other Toxins • Marine Natural Products
 
 
ALX-350-061 Revised 08-Oct-08
Nodularin
Add to Clipboard
PRODUCT LINE Natural Products / Antibiotics
PRODUCT CATEGORY Microcystins
Ordering Information
Product Numbers: Format: Size: Unit Price: Quantity: Add To Cart
ALX-350-061-C050   50 µg 37.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-350-061-C100   100 µg 70.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-350-061-C250   250 µg 155.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-350-061-M001   1 mg 530.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C41H60N8O10
MW: 825.0
CAS NUMBER: 118399-22-7
RTECS: GU2294250
SOURCE/HOST: Isolated from Nodularia spumigena.
PURITY: ≥95% (HPLC)
APPEARANCE: Dry residue containing traces of monobasic potassium phosphate.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in methanol:water (1:1).
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: -20°C
HAZARD: TOXIC.

Product Description
Inhibitor of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) (IC50=1.8nM), protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) (IC50=0.026nM) and to a lesser extent protein phosphatase 2B (PP2B) (IC50=8.7µm). Similar to microcystin-LR (Prod. No. ALX-350-012) but with increased water solubility. Genotoxic. Hepatoxic. Induces oxidative DNA damage by oxidation of purines. Induces apoptosis in HepG2 cells.
Product Specific Literature References
Nodularin, microcystin and the configuration of Adda: K.L. Rinehart, et al.; JACS 110, 8557 (1988)
Toxicity and partial structure of a hepatotoxic peptide produced by the cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena Mertens emend. L575 from New Zealand: W.W. Carmichael, et al.; Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54, 2257 (1988) Abstract
Inhibition of protein phosphatases by microcystins and nodularin associated with hepatotoxicity: S. Yoshizawa, et al.; J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 116, 609 (1990) Abstract
Rapid purification of the peptide toxins microcystin-LR and nodularin: C. Martin, et al.; FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 56, 1 (1990) Abstract
In vitro and in vivo effects of protein phosphatase inhibitors, microcystins and nodularin, on mouse skin and fibroblasts: R. Matsushima, et al.; BBRC 171, 867 (1990) Abstract
Internal surface reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic separation of the cyanobacterial peptide toxins microcystin-LA, -LR, -YR, -RR and nodularin: J.A. Meriluoto, et al.; J. Chromatogr. 509, 390 (1990) Abstract
Cyanobacterial nodularin is a potent inhibitor of type 1 and type 2A protein phosphatases: R.E. Honkanen, et al.; Mol. Pharmacol. 40, 577 (1991) Abstract
Degradation of the cyanobacterial hepatotoxin, nodularin, under light and dark conditions: H. Twist & G.A. Codd; FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 151, 83 (1997) Abstract
Isolation and detection of microcystins and nodularins, cyanobacterial peptide hepatotoxins: J. Meriluoto, et al.; Methods Mol. Biol. 145, 65 (2000) Abstract
Influence of microcystin-YR and nodularin on the activity of some proteolytic enzymes in mouse liver: A. Lankoff & A. Kolataj; Toxicon 39, 419 (2001) Abstract
Nodularin-Har: a new nodularin from Nodularia: K. Saito, et al; J. Nat. Prod. 64, 139 (2001) Abstract
Detection of nodularin in flounders and cod from the Baltic Sea: V. Sipia, et al.; Environ. Toxicol. 16, 121 (2001) Abstract
The microcystins and nodularins: cyclic polypeptide inhibitors of PP1 and PP2A: B.M. Gulledgea, et al.; Curr. Med. Chem. 9, 1991 (2002) Abstract
Study on the distribution of nodularin in tissues and cell level in mice: Z. Zhang, et al.; Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 36, 100 (2002) Abstract
Genotoxic potential of Microcystin-LR and nodularin in vitro in primary cultured rat hepatocytes and in vivo in rat liver: N. Bouaicha, et al.; Environ. Toxicol. 20, 341 (2005) Abstract
Bacterial degradation of microcystins and nodularin: S. Imanishi, et al.; Chem. Res. Toxicol. 18, 591 (2005) Abstract
Nodularin-induced genotoxicity following oxidative DNA damage and aneuploidy in HepG2 cells: A. Lankoff, et al.; Toxicol. Lett. 164, 239 (2006) Abstract
Further Categories Containing This Product:
Other Toxins • Marine Natural Products
 
 
ALX-350-080 Revised 11-Jan-08
Microcystin-LW
Add to Clipboard
PRODUCT LINE Natural Products / Antibiotics
PRODUCT CATEGORY Microcystins
Ordering Information
Product Numbers: Format: Size: Unit Price: Quantity: Add To Cart
ALX-350-080-C025   25 µg 135.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-350-080-C100   100 µg 390.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C54H72N8O12
MW: 1025.2
SOURCE/HOST: Isolated from Microcystis aeruginosa.
PURITY: ≥95% (HPLC)
APPEARANCE: Whitish film adhered to inside of the vial.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in 100% methanol.
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: -20°C
HANDLING: For maximum product recovery after thawing, centrifuge the vial before opening the cap.
HAZARD: MAY BE CARCINOGENIC. HIGHLY IRRITANT. VERY TOXIC.

Product Description
Analog of microcystin-LR (Prod. No. ALX-350-012) with Trp substituted in place of Arg. Hydrophobic and believed to be more cell permeable than other microcystins. May prove useful in biochemical studies in intact cells. Microcystin-LW has a characteristically different absorption spectrum compared to other microcystins, making it a useful reference compound for HPLC analysis. The Trp confers an absorption maximum at 222nm, whereas most microcystins have a characteristic maximum at 239nm.
Product Specific Literature References
Extraction and high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of microcystins in raw and treated waters: L.A. Lawton, et al.; Analyst 119, 1525 (1994) Abstract
Isolation and characterization of microcystins from laboratory cultures and environmental samples of Microcystis aeruginosa and from an associated animal toxicosis: L.A. Lawton, et al.; Nat. Toxins 3, 50 (1995) Abstract
Comparative toxicity of four microcystins of different hydrophobicities to the protozoan, Tetrahymena pyriformis: C.J. Ward & G.A. Codd; J. Appl. Microbiol. 86, 874 (1999) Abstract
Detection and quantification of microcystins (cyanobacterial hepatotoxins) with recombinant antibody fragments isolated from a naive human phage display library: J. McElhiney, et al.; FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 193, 83 (2000) Abstract
Related Products
Further Categories Containing This Product:
Other Toxins • Marine Natural Products
 
 
ALX-350-081 Revised 30-Jun-08
Microcystin-LF
Add to Clipboard
PRODUCT LINE Natural Products / Antibiotics
PRODUCT CATEGORY Microcystins
Ordering Information
Product Numbers: Format: Size: Unit Price: Quantity: Add To Cart
ALX-350-081-C025   25 µg 135.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-350-081-C100   100 µg 390.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C52H71N7O12
MW: 986.2
SOURCE/HOST: Isolated from Microcystis aeruginosa.
PURITY: ≥95% (HPLC)
APPEARANCE: Whitish film adhered to inside of the vial.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in methanol.
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: -20°C
USE/STABILITY: Stable in solution for at least 4 weeks when stored at -20 °C.
HANDLING: For maximum product recovery after thawing, centrifuge the vial before opening the cap.
HAZARD: HIGHLY IRRITANT. VERY TOXIC. MAY BE CARCINOGENIC.
IDENTITY: Identity determined by MS.

Product Description
Analog of microcystin-LR (Prod. No. ALX-350-012) with Phe substituted in place of Arg. Hydrophobic and believed to be more cell permeable than other microcystins. More toxic than the more hydrophilic analogs such as microcystin-LR and microcystin-LY.
Product Specific Literature References
Extraction and high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of microcystins in raw and treated waters: L.A. Lawton, et al.; Analyst 119, 1525 (1994) Abstract
First report of microcystins from a Brazilian isolate of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa: S.M.F.O. Azevedo, et al.; J. Appl. Phycology 6, 261 (1994)
Isolation and characterization of microcystins from laboratory cultures and environmental samples of Microcystis aeruginosa and from an associated animal toxicosis: L.A. Lawton, et al.; Nat. Toxins 3, 50 (1995) Abstract
Comparative toxicity of four microcystins of different hydrophobicities to the protozoan, Tetrahymena pyriformis: C.J. Ward & G.A. Codd; J. Appl. Microbiol. 86, 874 (1999) Abstract
Detection and quantification of microcystins (cyanobacterial hepatotoxins) with recombinant antibody fragments isolated from a naive human phage display library: J. McElhiney, et al.; FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 193, 83 (2000) Abstract
Pseudodiarrhoea in zebra mussels Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas) exposed to microcystins: G. Juhel, et al.; J. Exp. Biol. 209, 810 (2006) Abstract
Related Products
Further Categories Containing This Product:
Other Toxins • Marine Natural Products
 
 
ALX-350-096 Revised 11-Jan-08
Microcystin-LA