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Apoptosis Inducers & Inhibitors
You are here: Product Lines > Cell Death / Apoptosis / Autophagy > Apoptosis Inducers & Inhibitors
 
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ALX-380-269 Revised 03-Apr-08
Cycloheximide
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SYNONYMS Actidione
Naramycin A
3-[2-(3,5-Dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]glutarimide
PRODUCT LINE Natural Products / Antibiotics
PRODUCT CATEGORY Antibiotics - Apoptosis Inducers & Inhibitors
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Product Numbers: Format: Size: Unit Price: Quantity: Add To Cart
ALX-380-269-G001   1 g 50.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-380-269-G005   5 g 150.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C15H23NO4
MW: 281.4
CAS NUMBER: 66-81-9
MERCK INDEX: 14: 2728
RTECS: MA4375000
SOURCE/HOST: Isolated from Streptomyces griseus.
PURITY: ≥95% (TLC)
APPEARANCE: White to light yellow powder.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in 100% ethanol, methanol, DMSO or acetone.
ACTIVITY: Potency is >900units/mg.
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: -20°C
HAZARD: MAY BE TERATOGENIC. MAY BE MUTAGENIC. VERY TOXIC.

Product Description
Antibiotic. Inhibits translation in eukaryotes resulting in cell growth arrest and cell death. Induces apoptosis in tumor cell lines. Widely used for selection of resistant strains of yeast and fungi, controlled inhibition of protein synthesis for detection of short-lived proteins and super-induction of protein expression.
Product Specific Literature References
The mechanism by which cycloheximide and related glutarimide antibiotics inhibit peptide synthesis on reticulocyte ribosomes: T.G. Obrig, et al.; J. Biol. Chem. 246, 174 (1971) Abstract; Full Text
Effects of cycloheximide on thermotolerance expression, heat shock protein synthesis, and heat shock protein mRNA accumulation in rat fibroblasts: R.B. Widelitz, et al.; Mol. Cell. Biol. 6, 1088 (1986) Abstract; Full Text
Early estrogen-induced metabolic changes and their inhibition by actinomycin D and cycloheximide in human breast cancer cells: 31P and 13C NMR studies: M. Neeman & H. Degani; PNAS 86, 5585 (1989) Abstract; Full Text
DNA fragmentation induced in macrophages by gliotoxin does not require protein synthesis and is preceded by raised inositol triphosphate levels: P. Waring; J. Biol. Chem. 265, 14476 (1990) Abstract; Full Text
Reevaluation of the role of de novo protein synthesis in rat thymocyte apoptosis: S.C. Chow, et al.; Exp. Cell Res. 216, 149 (1995) Abstract
Calpain inhibitors and serine protease inhibitors can produce apoptosis in HL-60 cells: Q. Lu & R.L. Mellgren; Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 334, 175 (1996) Abstract
Synthesis and cytotoxic evaluation of cycloheximide derivatives as potential inhibitors of FKBP12 with neuroregenerative properties: C. Christner, et al.; J. Med. Chem. 42, 3615 (1999) Abstract
 
 
ALX-430-159 Revised 19-Aug-08 New product
Cyclopamine
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SYNONYMS 11-Deoxyjervine
PRODUCT LINE Signal Transduction
PRODUCT CATEGORY Hedgehog [Hh] Signalling Pathway
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Product Numbers: Format: Size: Unit Price: Quantity: Add To Cart
ALX-430-159-M001   1 mg 80.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-430-159-M005   5 mg 320.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C27H41NO2
MW: 411.6
CAS NUMBER: 4449-51-8
MERCK INDEX: 14: 10201
RTECS: GY0750000
PURITY: ≥98% (TLC)
APPEARANCE: White to off-white powder.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in 100% ethanol (20mg/ml), DMF (10mg/ml), methanol (7mg/ml) or DMSO (4mg/ml). Heating to 50-60°C may be necessary. Insoluble in water.
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: -20°C
HANDLING: Protect from light.
HAZARD: MAY BE TERATOGENIC. HARMFUL.

Product Description
Steroidal alkaloid. Blocks activation of the Hedgehog (Hh) response pathway. Binds to the heptahelical protein bundle of Smoothened. Induces expression of the transcription factor Pdx-1. Disrupts cholesterol biosynthesis. Displays anti-tumor properties. Induces apoptosis. Causes cyclopia.
Product Specific Literature References
The teratogenic Veratrum alkaloid cyclopamine inhibits sonic hedgehog signal transduction: J.P. Incardona, et al.; Development 125, 3553 (1998) Abstract; Full Text
Pancreas development is promoted by cyclopamine, a hedgehog signaling inhibitor: S.K. Kim & D.A. Melton; PNAS 95, 13036 (1998) Abstract; Full Text
Teratogen-mediated inhibition of target tissue response to Shh signaling: M.K. Cooper, et al.; Science 280, 1603 (1998) Abstract
Effects of oncogenic mutations in Smoothened and Patched can be reversed by cyclopamine: J. Taipale, et al.; Nature 406, 1005 (2000) Abstract
Cyclopamine inhibition of Sonic hedgehog signal transduction is not mediated through effects on cholesterol transport: J.P. Incardona, et al.; Dev. Biol. 224, 440 (2000) Abstract
Inhibition of Hedgehog signaling by direct binding of cyclopamine to Smoothened: J.K. Chen, et al.; Genes Dev. 16, 2743 (2002) Abstract; Full Text
Small molecule modulation of Smoothened activity: J.K. Chen, et al.; PNAS 99, 14071 (2002) Abstract; Full Text
Medulloblastoma growth inhibition by hedgehog pathway blockade: D.M. Berman, et al.; Science 297, 1559 (2002) Abstract
Hedgehog signalling within airway epithelial progenitors and in small-cell lung cancer: D.N. Watkins, et al.; Nature 422, 313 (2003) Abstract
Widespread requirement for Hedgehog ligand stimulation in growth of digestive tract tumours: D.M. Berman, et al.; Nature 425, 846 (2003) Abstract
Hedgehog is an early and late mediator of pancreatic cancer tumorigenesis: S.P. Thayer, et al.; Nature 425, 851 (2003) Abstract
Hedgehog signalling in colorectal tumour cells: induction of apoptosis with cyclopamine treatment: D. Qualtrough, et al.; Int. J. Cancer 110, 831 (2004) Abstract
Induction of the differentiation and apoptosis of tumor cells in vivo with efficiency and selectivity: S. Tabs & O. Avci; Eur. J. Dermatol. 14, 96 (2004) Abstract; Full Text
In vitro directed differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into insulin-producing cells: T. Leon-Quinto, et al.; Diabetologia 47, 1442 (2004) Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)beta, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and retinoid signalling pathways promote pancreatic exocrine gene expression in mouse embryonic stem cells: A. Skoudy, et al.; Biochem. J. 379, 749 (2004) Abstract; Full Text
Purmorphamine induces osteogenesis by activation of the hedgehog signaling pathway: X. Wu, et al.; Chem. Biol. 11, 1229 (2004) Abstract
Related Products
Further Categories Containing This Product:
Antitumor Agents (Apoptosis Inducers) • Alkaloids
 
 
ALX-400-051 Revised 06-Dec-07
Cyclophosphamide . monohydrate
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SYNONYMS 2-[Bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]tetrahydro-2H-1,3,2-oxazaphosphorine-2-oxide
Cytoxan
PRODUCT LINE Cell Death / Apoptosis / Autophagy
PRODUCT CATEGORY Apoptosis Inducers & Inhibitors Other Products
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ALX-400-051-G001   1 g 35.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-400-051-G005   5 g 98.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C7H15CI2N2O2P . H2O
MW: 261.1 . 18.0
CAS NUMBER: 6055-19-2
MERCK INDEX: 14: 2747
RTECS: RP6157750
SOURCE/HOST: Synthetic.
PURITY: ≥97%
APPEARANCE: White to off-white solid.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in water; slightly soluble in 100% ethanol.
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: -20°C
HAZARD: TOXIC. MAY BE CARCINOGENIC.

Product Description
Alkylates DNA, forming DNA-DNA cross-links that result in inhibition of DNA synthesis and cell death. Interestingly the repair enzyme O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase, long thought to be involved with resistance to methylating and chloroethylating agents, may also contribute to resistance to the cytotoxic and mutagenic effects of cyclophosphamide.
Product Specific Literature References
Induction of apoptosis in murine tumors by cyclophosphamide: R.E. Meyn, et al.; Cancer.Chemother. Pharmacol. 33, 410 (1994) Abstract
An overview of cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide pharmacology: R.A. Fleming; Pharmacotherapy 17, 146S (1997) Abstract
Mechanisms of resistance to the toxicity of cyclophosphamide: M.P. Gamcsik, et al.; Curr. Pharm. Des. 5, 587 (1999) Abstract
Ginsenoside Rh(2) enhances antitumour activity and decreases genotoxic effect of cyclophosphamide: Z. Wang, et al.; Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 98, 411 (2006) Abstract
Protective effect of curcumin and chlorophyllin against DNA mutation induced by cyclophosphamide or benzo[a]pyrene: M.A. Ibrahim, et al.; Z. Naturforsch. 62, 215 (2007) Abstract
Further Categories Containing This Product:
Antitumor Agents (DNA Interaction & Gene Regulation)
 
 
ALX-380-002 Revised 03-Apr-08
Cyclosporin A
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PRODUCT LINE Natural Products / Antibiotics
PRODUCT CATEGORY Antibiotics - Immunomodulators
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Product Numbers: Format: Size: Unit Price: Quantity: Add To Cart
ALX-380-002-M100   100 mg 46.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-380-002-5100   5x100 mg 190.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-380-002-G001   1 g 290.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-380-002-5001   5x1 g 1'150.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C62H111N11O12
MW: 1202.6
CAS NUMBER: 59865-13-3
MERCK INDEX: 14: 2752
RTECS: GZ4120000
SOURCE/HOST: Isolated from Fusarium solani.
PURITY: ≥99% (Assay)
APPEARANCE: White to off-white powder.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in methanol, 100% ethanol, acetone or petroleum ether; insoluble in water.
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: +4°C
HAZARD: MAY BE TERATOGENIC. TOXIC. MAY BE CARCINOGENIC.

Product Description
Antibiotic. Potent immunosuppressor. Widely used after organ transplantation. Binds to cytosolic proteins of the cyclophilin family. Cyclosporin A-cyclophilin complexes block protein phosphatase 2B (PP2B; calcineurin), a key enzyme in T cell activation. As a result of the calcineurin inhibition, cyclosporine A blocks various cellular processes such as activation of T cells and expression of several lymphokines (especially IL-2). Inhibits cytochrome c release from mitochondria. Inhibits nitric oxide (NO) synthesis.
Product Specific Literature References
Cyclosporin A and C-New metabolites from Trichodermapolysporum (Link ex Pers.) Rifai: Dreyfuss M., et al.; Europ. J. appl. Microbiol. 3, 125 (1976)
Immunosuppression for organ grafting - observations on cyclosporin A: R. Y. Calne; Immunol. Rev. 46, 113 (1976), Review Abstract
Immunological actions of cyclosporin A in rheumatoid arthritis: D. Yocum; Br. J. Rheumatol. 32, 38 (1993), Review Abstract
Cyclosporin A binding to mitochondrial cyclophilin inhibits the permeability transition pore and protects hearts from ischaemia/reperfusion injury: A.P. Halestrap, et al; Mol. Cell. Biochem. 174, 167 (1997), Review Abstract
New aspects of cyclosporin a mode of action: from gene silencing to gene up-regulation: L. Mascarell & P. Truffa-Bachi; Mini Rev. Med. Chem. 3, 205 (2003), Review Abstract
Rationale for T cell inhibition by cyclosporin A in major autoimmune diseases: G.F. Ferraccioli, et al.; Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1051, 658 (2005), Review Abstract
Further Categories Containing This Product:
MPTP [Mitochondrial Transition Pore] / Related Products • Antibiotics - Nitric Oxide Pathway Modulators • Antibiotics - Apoptosis Inducers & Inhibitors • Non-apoptotic Cell Death / Necrosis
 
 
ALX-380-286 Revised 08-Apr-08
Cyclosporin H
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SYNONYMS Csh-cyclosporin
5-(N-Methyl-D-valine)-cyclosporin A
PRODUCT LINE Natural Products / Antibiotics
PRODUCT CATEGORY Antibiotics - Immunomodulators
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ALX-380-286-M001   1 mg 80.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-380-286-M005   5 mg 320.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C62H111N11O12
MW: 1202.6
CAS NUMBER: 83602-39-5
SOURCE/HOST: Isolated from Fusarium solani.
PURITY: ≥95% (HPLC)
APPEARANCE: White to off-white powder.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in 100% ethanol, acetone or ethyl acetate; insoluble in water.
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: -20°C
HAZARD: MAY BE TERATOGENIC. TOXIC. MAY BE CARCINOGENIC.

Product Description

Immunologically inactive. Does not bind to immunophilin. Potent inhibitor of tumor promoting phorbol ester TPA/PMA (Prod. No. ALX-445-004) in mouse skin in vivo. Potent inhibitor of Ca2+/calmodulin dependent EF-2 phosphorylation in vitro. Potent and selective antagonist of formyl peptide receptor. Inhibits formyl peptide-induced superoxide formation.

Product Specific Literature References
The weak immunosuppressant cyclosporine D as well as the immunologically inactive cyclosporine H are potent inhibitors in vivo of phorbol ester TPA-induced biological effects in mouse skin and of Ca2+/calmodulin dependent EF-2 phosphorylation in vitro: M. Gschwendt, et al.; BBRC 150, 545 (1988) Abstract
Differential inhibition of human neutrophil activation by cyclosporins A, D, and H. Cyclosporin H is a potent and effective inhibitor of formyl peptide-induced superoxide formation: K. Wenzel-Seifert, et al.; J. Immunol. 147, 1940 (1991) Abstract
Cyclosporin H is a potent and selective formyl peptide receptor antagonist. Comparison with N-t-butoxycarbonyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanyl-L- leucyl-L-phenylalanine and cyclosporins A, B, C, D, and E: K. Wenzel-Seifert & R. Seifert; J. Immunol. 150, 4591 (1993) Abstract
Cyclosporin H is a potent and selective competitive antagonist of human basophil activation by N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine: A. de Paulis, et al.; J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 98, 152 (1996) Abstract
Cyclosporin H, Boc-MLF and Boc-FLFLF are antagonists that preferentially inhibit activity triggered through the formyl peptide receptor: A.L. Stenfeldt, et al.; Inflammation 30, 224 (2007) Abstract
Further Categories Containing This Product:
MPTP [Mitochondrial Transition Pore] / Related Products • Antibiotics - Apoptosis Inducers & Inhibitors • CAM Kinase Inhibitors • Antibiotics - Nitric Oxide Pathway Modulators • Non-apoptotic Cell Death / Necrosis
 
 
ALX-380-012 Revised 16-Jun-08
Cytochalasin B
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SYNONYMS Phomin
PRODUCT LINE Natural Products / Antibiotics
PRODUCT CATEGORY Antibiotics for Cytoskeletal Research
Ordering Information
Product Numbers: Format: Size: Unit Price: Quantity: Add To Cart
ALX-380-012-M001   1 mg 35.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-380-012-M005   5 mg 90.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-380-012-M025   25 mg 380.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C29H37NO5
MW: 479.6
CAS NUMBER: 14930-96-2
MERCK INDEX: 14: 2790
SOURCE/HOST: Isolated from Drechslera dematoidea.
PURITY: ≥98%
APPEARANCE: White to off-white solid.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in methanol.
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: +4°C
HANDLING: Protect from light.
HAZARD: TOXIC.

Product Description
Antibiotic. Cell permeable mycotoxin. Inhibits cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments. Shortens actin filaments by blocking monomer addition at the fast-growing end of polymers. Inhibits glucose transport and platelet aggregation. Blocks adenosine-induced apoptotic body formation without affecting activation of endogenous ADP-ribosylation in leukemia HL-60 cells.
Product Specific Literature References
Cytochalasin B: effects on cell morphology, cell adhesion, and mucopolysaccharide synthesis (cultured cells-contractile microfilaments-glycoproteins-embryonic cells-sorting-out): J.W. Sanger & H. Holtzer; PNAS 69, 253 (1972) Abstract
Cytochalasin B: inhibition of glucose and glucosamine transport: R.D. Ebstensen & P.G. Plagemann; PNAS 69, 1430 (1972) Abstract
Effects of cytochalasin B on endocytosis and exocytosis: P. Davies & A.C. Allison; Front. Biol. 46, 143 (1978), Review Abstract
Effect of cytochalasin B on glucose uptake, utilization, oxidation and insulinotropic action in tumoral insulin-producing cells: W.J. Malaisse, et al.; Cell Biochem. Funct. 5, 183 (1987) Abstract
Apoptosis induced by adenosine in human leukemia HL-60 cells: Y. Tanaka, et al.; Exp. Cell Res. 213, 242 (1994) Abstract
Cytochalasin B may shorten actin filaments by a mechanism independent of barbed end capping: P.A. Theodoropoulos, et al.; Biochem. Pharmacol. 47, 1875 (1994) Abstract
The inhibition of GLUT1 glucose transport and cytochalasin B binding activity by tricyclic antidepressants: H.B. Pinkofsky, et al.; Life Sci. 66, 271 (2000) Abstract
Further Categories Containing This Product:
Apoptosis Inducers & Inhibitors Other Products • Antithrombotic Agents / Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Related Products • Microtubule Modulators • Actin / Related Products • Alkaloids
 
 
ALX-380-031 Revised 29-Apr-08
Cytochalasin D
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PRODUCT LINE Natural Products / Antibiotics
PRODUCT CATEGORY Antibiotics for Cytoskeletal Research
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Product Numbers: Format: Size: Unit Price: Quantity: Add To Cart
ALX-380-031-M001   1 mg 60.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-380-031-M005   5 mg 240.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C30H37NO6
MW: 507.6
CAS NUMBER: 22144-77-0
MERCK INDEX: 14: 2790
RTECS: GZ4850000
SOURCE/HOST: Isolated from Zygosporium mansonii.
PURITY: ≥98% (HPLC)
APPEARANCE: White to off-white solid.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in methylene chloride (10mg/ml); slighly soluble in DMSO (2mg/ml).
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: -20°C
HANDLING: Protect from light.
HAZARD: VERY TOXIC.

Product Description
Antibiotic. Is ~10-fold more potent than cytochalasin B (Prod. No. ALX-380-012) in inhibiting actin filament function, but does not inhibit sugar transport in cells. Inactivates low conductance K+ channels. Modulates CD4 cross-linking in T-lymphocytes and increases intracellular Ca2+ levels. Exhibits antitumor activity. Induces apoptosis.
Product Specific Literature References
Antitumor activity of cytochalasin D: K. Katagiri & S. Matsuura; J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 24, 722 (1971) Abstract
Effects of cytochalasin and phalloidin on actin: J.A. Cooper; J. Cell. Biol. 105, 1473 (1987) Abstract
Cytochalasin D modulates CD4 crosslinking sensitive mitogenic signal in T lymphocytes: A. Aszalos, et al.; Cell Immunol. 157, 81 (1994) Abstract
Involvement of actin cytoskeleton in modulation of apical K channel activity in rat collecting duct: W.H. Wang, et al.; Am. J. Physiol. 267, F592 (1994) Abstract
Myosin-actin interaction plays an important role in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 release from host cells: H. Sasaki, et al.; PNAS 92, 2026 (1995) Abstract
Signaling pathways involved in thrombin-induced cell protection: F.M. Donovan & D.D. Cunningham; J. Biol. Chem. 273, 12746 (1998) Abstract; Full Text
The role of actin-binding protein 280 in integrin-dependent mechanoprotection: M. Glogauer, et al.; J. Biol. Chem. 273, 1689 (1998) Abstract; Full Text
Disruption of actin microfilaments by cytochalasin D leads to activation of p53: S.N. Rubtsova, et al.; FEBS Lett. 430, 353 (1998) Abstract
Hexokinase translocation during neutrophil activation, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis: disruption by cytochalasin D, dexamethasone, and indomethacin: J.B. Huang, et al.; Cell Immunol. 218, 95 (2002) Abstract
Human chorionic gonadotropin and decidualization in vitro inhibits cytochalasin-D-induced apoptosis in cultured endometrial stromal fibroblasts: A. Jasinska, et al.; Endocrinology 147, 4112 (2006) Abstract
Further Categories Containing This Product:
Microtubule Modulators • Antibiotics - Apoptosis Inducers & Inhibitors • Alkaloids • Antitumor Antibiotics
 
 
ALX-380-043 Revised 03-Apr-08
Daunorubicin . hydrochloride
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SYNONYMS Daunomycin . HCl
PRODUCT LINE Natural Products / Antibiotics
PRODUCT CATEGORY Antitumor Antibiotics
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ALX-380-043-M010   10 mg 95.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C27H29NO10 . HCl
MW: 527.5 . 36.5
CAS NUMBER: 23541-50-6
MERCK INDEX: 14: 2832
SOURCE/HOST: Isolated from Streptomyces spec.
PURITY: ≥98% (HPLC)
APPEARANCE: