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DNA Regulation / Transcription
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ALX-380-042 Revised 05-May-08
Doxorubicin . hydrochloride
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SYNONYMS DXR . HCl
14-Hydroxydaunomycin . HCl
Adriamycin . HCl
PRODUCT LINE Natural Products / Antibiotics
PRODUCT CATEGORY Antitumor Antibiotics
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Product Numbers: Format: Size: Unit Price: Quantity: Add To Cart
ALX-380-042-M005   5 mg 60.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-380-042-M010   10 mg 110.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-380-042-M025   25 mg 250.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C27H29NO11 . HCl
MW: 543.5 . 36.5
CAS NUMBER: 25316-40-9
MERCK INDEX: 14: 3439
RTECS: QI9295900
SOURCE/HOST: Isolated from Streptomyces peucetius var. caesius.
PURITY: ≥98%
APPEARANCE: Red solid.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in water.
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: +4°C
HAZARD: MAY BE CARCINOGENIC. MAY BE TERATOGENIC. TOXIC. MAY BE MUTAGENIC.

Product Description
Antitumor antibiotic. Induces DNA damage by intercalating into DNA and inhibiting topoisomerase II. Binds covalently to DNA. Inhbibits reverse transcriptase, RNA polymerase and the catalytic activity of Dnmt1. Immunosuppressive. Antineoplastic. Induces apoptosis.
Product Specific Literature References
Adriamycin and daunomycin induce programmed cell death (apoptosis) in tumour cells: A. Skladanowski & J. Konopa; Biochem. Pharmacol. 46, 375 (1993) Abstract
A critical evaluation of the mechanisms of action proposed for the antitumor effects of the anthracycline antibiotics adriamycin and daunorubicin: D.A. Gewirtz; Biochem. Pharmacol. 57, 727 (1999) Abstract
Doxorubicin treatment activates a Z-VAD-sensitive caspase, which causes deltapsim loss, caspase-9 activity, and apoptosis in Jurkat cells: S. Gamen, et al.; Exp. Cell Res. 258, 223 (2000) Abstract
Involvement of cyclin-dependent kinases in doxorubicin-induced apoptosis in human tumor cells: Y. Lu, et al.; Mol. Carcinog. 29, 1 (2000) Abstract
Characterization of Adriamycin-Induced G2 Arrest and Its Abrogation by Caffeine in FL-Amnion Cells with or without p53: Y. Minemoto, et al.; Exp. Cell Res. 262, 37 (2001) Abstract
Enhancement of Fas-mediated apoptosis in renal cell carcinoma cells by adriamycin: X.X. Wu, et al.; Cancer Res. 60, 2912 (2000) Abstract
Doxorubicin-induced apoptosis in endothelial cells and cardiomyocytes is ameliorated by nitrone spin traps and ebselen. Role of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species: S. Kotamraju, et al.; J. Biol. Chem. 275, 33585 (2000) Abstract; Full Text
The power and potential of doxorubicin-DNA adducts: S.M. Cutts, et al.; IUBMB Life 57, 73 (2005), Review Abstract
Adriamycin-induced interference with cardiac mitochondrial calcium homeostasis: K.B. Wallace; Cardiovasc. Toxicol. 7, 101 (2007), Review Abstract
Doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy from the cardiotoxic mechanisms to managemen: G. Takemura & H. Fujiwara; Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis. 49, 330 (2007), Review Abstract
Further Categories Containing This Product:
Other Toxins • Antitumor Agents (Enzyme Inhibitors) • Antibiotics - Immunomodulators • Antitumor Agents (Apoptosis Inducers) • Antibiotics - Topoisomerase Inhibitors • Antibiotics - Apoptosis Inducers & Inhibitors • DNA Intercalators & Crosslinkers • Antitumor Agents (DNA Interaction & Gene Regulation)
 
 
ALX-270-221 Revised 23-Jul-07
DPQ
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SYNONYMS 3,4-Dihydro-5-[4-(1-piperidinyl)butoxy]-1(2H)-isoquinolinone
PRODUCT LINE DNA Regulation / Transcription
PRODUCT CATEGORY PARP Inhibitors
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ALX-270-221-M001   1 mg 52.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-270-221-M005   5 mg 195.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C18H26N2O2
MW: 302.4
CAS NUMBER: 129075-73-6
PURITY: ≥98% (HPLC)
APPEARANCE: Off-white to light brown solid.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in DMSO; slightly soluble in 100% ethanol; insoluble in water.
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: +4°C
USE/STABILITY: Stock solutions in DMSO are stable for up to 1 month when stored at -20°C.
HAZARD: HARMFUL.
IDENTITY: Identity determined by 1H-NMR.

Product Description
Very potent poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) inhibitor.
Product Specific Literature References
Dihydroisoquinolines: the design and synthesis of a new series of potent inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase: M.J. Suto, et al.; Anticancer Drug Des. 6, 107 (1991) Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase gene disruption renders mice resistant to cerebral ischemia: M.J.L. Eliasson, et al.; Nat. Med. 3, 1089 (1997) Abstract
Neuroprotective effects of inhibiting poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase on focal cerebral ischemia in rats: H. Takahashi, et al.; J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 17, 1137 (1997) Abstract
Role of poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase in inflammation and ischaemia-reperfusion: C. Szabo & V.L. Dawson; TIPS 19, 287 (1998), (Review) Abstract
Post-treatment with an inhibitor of poly(ADP)-ribose polymerase attenuates cerebral damage in focal ischemia: K. Takahashi, et al.; Brain Res. 829, 46 (1999) Abstract; Full Text
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors attenuate necrotic but not apoptotic neuronal death in experimental models of cerebral ischemia: F. Moroni, et al.; Cell Death Differ. 8, 921 (2001) Abstract
Comet assay as a novel approach for studying DNA damage in focal cerebral ischemia: differential effects of NMDA receptor antagonists and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors: L. Giovannelli, et al.; J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 22, 697 (2002) Abstract
Further Categories Containing This Product:
DNA Repair Other Products
 
 
ALX-270-452 Revised 27-Nov-06
DR2313
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SYNONYMS 2-Methyl-3,5,7,8-tetrahydrothiopyrano[4,3-d]pyrimidine-4-one
PRODUCT LINE DNA Regulation / Transcription
PRODUCT CATEGORY PARP Inhibitors
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ALX-270-452-M001   1 mg 20.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-270-452-M005   5 mg 60.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-270-452-M025   25 mg 180.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C8H10N2OS
MW: 182.2
CAS NUMBER: 284028-90-6
PURITY: ≥98% (HPLC)
APPEARANCE: White to off-white solid.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in DMSO, methanol or water.
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: -20°C
USE/STABILITY: Stock solutions are stable for up to 3 months when stored at -20°C.
HANDLING: After reconstitution, prepare aliquots and store at -20°C. Protect from light.
HAZARD: HARMFUL.

Product Description
Potent, water soluble competitive PARP inhibitor (IC50=0.20µM and 0.24µM for PARP-1 and PARP-2 respectively).
Product Specific Literature References
A newly synthesized poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor, DR2313 [2-methyl-3,5,7,8-tetrahydrothiopyrano[4,3-d]-pyrimidine-4-one]: pharmacological profiles, neuroprotective effects, and therapeutic time window in cerebral ischemia in rats: H. Nakajima, et al.; Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 312, 472 (2005) Abstract; Full Text
 
 
ALX-270-383 Revised 20-Oct-08
EB-47 . dihydrochloride . dihydrate
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SYNONYMS 1-Piperazineacetamide,4-[1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-1-deoxy-β-D-ribofuranuron]-N-(2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-4-yl)-1-one . 2HCl . 2H2O
PRODUCT LINE DNA Regulation / Transcription
PRODUCT CATEGORY PARP Inhibitors
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Product Numbers: Format: Size: Unit Price: Quantity: Add To Cart
ALX-270-383-M001   1 mg 45.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-270-383-M005   5 mg 180.00 USD Add To Cart
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Product Specification
FORMULA: C24H27N9O6 . 2HCl . 2H2O
MW: 537.5 . 73.0 . 36.0
PURITY: ≥95% (HPLC)
APPEARANCE: White solid.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in water or DMSO.
SHIPPING: SHIPPED ON BLUE ICE
LONG TERM STORAGE: -20°C
HANDLING: Protect from light. Packaged under inert gas.
HAZARD: HARMFUL. MAY BE CARCINOGENIC.

Product Description
Very potent and water soluble PARP-1 inhibitor (IC50=45nM, 100% inhibition at 200nM). Shows cytoprotective effects against oxidative damage in cells and in in vivo models of reperfusion injury and inflammation.
Product Specific Literature References
The discovery and synthesis of novel adenosine substituted 2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-1-ones: potent inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1): P.G. Jagtap, et al.; Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 14, 81 (2004) Abstract
Substrate-assisted catalysis by PARP10 limits its activity to mono-ADP-ribosylation: H. Kleine, et al.; Mol. Cell 32, 57 (2008) Abstract
Further Categories Containing This Product:
DNA Repair Other Products
 
 
ALX-380-201 Revised 27-Jun-08
Echinomycin
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SYNONYMS Quinomycin A
PRODUCT LINE Natural Products / Antibiotics
PRODUCT CATEGORY Antibiotics - DNA Replication Inhibitors
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ALX-380-201-M001   1 mg 80.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-380-201-M005   5 mg 320.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C51H64N12O12S2
MW: 1101.3
CAS NUMBER: 512-64-1
MERCK INDEX: 14: 3497
RTECS: JW5250000
SOURCE/HOST: Isolated from Streptomyces echinatus (DSM 40013).
PURITY: ≥98% (HPLC)
APPEARANCE: White to off-white solid.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in 100% ethanol, dimethyl formamide or DMSO; insoluble in water.
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: -20°C
HANDLING: Hygroscopic.
HAZARD: TOXIC. MAY BE MUTAGENIC.
IDENTITY: Identity determined by 1H-NMR.

Product Description
Antitumor antibiotic. Powerful, selective inhibitor of nucleic acid synthesis in vitro. Potent inhibitor of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) DNA binding activity. Induces apoptosis. Displays antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activities.
Product Specific Literature References
A “quinoxaline antibiotic” similar to the triostins, q.v.: I. Kuroya, et al.; J. Antibiot. 14A, 324 (1961)
Identity of levomycin and quinomycin A (echimomycin): K. Katagiri, et al.; J. Antibiot. 15, 273 (1962) Abstract
The mode of action of quinoxaline antibiotics. Interaction of quinomycin A with deoxyribonucleic acid: K. Sato, et al.; J. Antibiot. 20, 270 (1967) Abstract
The binding of echinomycin to deoxyribonucleic acid: S.P. Wakelin & M.J. Waring; Biochem. J. 157, 721 (1976) Abstract; Full Text
Bifunctional intercalation and sequence specificity in the binding of quinomycin and triostin antibiotics to deoxyribonucleic acid: J.S. Lee & M.J. Waring; Biochem. J. 173, 115 (1978) Abstract; Full Text
Kinetics of the interaction between echinomycin and deoxyribonucleic acid: K.R. Fox, et al.; Biochemistry 20, 5768 (1981) Abstract
Sequence-specific binding of echinomycin to DNA: evidence for conformational changes affecting flanking sequences: C.M. Low, et al.; Nucl. Acids Res. 12, 4865 (1984) Abstract; Full Text
Echinomycin binding sites on DNA: M.M. Van Dyke & P.B. Dervan; Science 225, 1122 (1984) Abstract
Kinetic evidence that echinomycin migrates between potential DNA binding sites: K.R. Fox & M.J. Waring; Nucl. Acids Res. 13, 595 (1985) Abstract; Full Text
Effect of echinomycin on DNA methylation: R.L. Adams & A. Rinaldi; FEBS Lett. 215, 266 (1987) Abstract
Interaction of echinomycin with An.Tn. and (AT)n regions flanking its CG binding site: K. Waterloh & K.R. Fox; Nucl. Acids Res. 19, 6719 (1991) Abstract; Full Text
Localized chemical reactivity in DNA associated with the sequence-specific bisintercalation of echinomycin: C. Bailly, et al.; Biochem. J. 300, 165 (1994) Abstract; Full Text
Energetics of echinomycin binding to DNA: F. Leng, et al.; Nucl. Acids Res. 31, 6191 (2003) Abstract; Full Text
Echinomycin inhibits chromosomal DNA replication and embryonic development in vertebrates: L.G. May, et al.; Nucl. Acids Res. 32, 65 (2004) Abstract; Full Text
Echinomycin and a novel analogue induce apoptosis of HT-29 cells via the activation of MAP kinases pathway: J.Y. Park, et al.; Pharmacol. Res. 50, 201 (2004) Abstract
Echinomycin, a small-molecule inhibitor of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 DNA-binding activity: D. Kong, et al.; Cancer Res. 65, 9047 (2005) Abstract; Full Text
Molecular signaling cascade in DNA bisintercalator, echinomycin-induced apoptosis of HT-29 cells: evidence of the apoptotic process via activation of the cytochrome c-ERK-caspase-3 pathway: J.Y. Park, et al.; Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 38, 244 (2006) Abstract
Synergistic effects of CoCl(2) and ROCK inhibition on mesenchymal stem cell differentiation into neuron-like cells: E. Pacary, et al.; J. Cell Sci. 119, 2667 (2006) Abstract; Full Text
Metabolic targeting of hypoxia and HIF1 in solid tumors can enhance cytotoxic chemotherapy: R.A. Cairns, et al.; PNAS 104, 9445 (2007) Abstract
Further Categories Containing This Product:
Hypoxia-inducible Factor [HIF] / Related Products • Antibiotics - Antiviral / Anti-HIV • Antibiotics - Antifungal • Antitumor Agents (Apoptosis Inducers) • Antitumor Antibiotics
 
 
ALX-201-074 Revised 18-Sep-07
EGR-1 Protein (human) (recombinant)
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SYNONYMS Early Growth Response Protein 1 (human) (recombinant)
NGFI-A (human) (recombinant)
krox24 (human) (recombinant)
TIS-8 (human) (recombinant)
zif 268 (human) (recombinant)
pat 225 (human) (recombinant)
PRODUCT LINE DNA Regulation / Transcription
PRODUCT CATEGORY Egr Protein Family / Related Products
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ALX-201-074-1   1 Vial 365.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
SOURCE/HOST: Produced in Sf9 cells.
QUANTITY: 50µl, corresponding to >25 band forming units (BFU). Sufficient for performing at least 25 gel shift assays under standard conditions [2].
FORMULATION: Liquid. In 20mM HEPES, pH 7.9, containing 25% glycerol, 420mM sodium chloride, 0.2mM EDTA and 1.5mM magnesium chloride.
SPECIFICITY: Binds specifically to an oligonucleotide with the sequence GCG GGG GCG.
SPECIFIC ACTIVITY: >0.5BFU/µl. 1BFU is sufficient to generate a band shift with a labelled oligonucleotide.
APPLICATION: EMSA promoter characterization, in vitro transcription assays, analysis of nuclear extracts (oligonucleotides and recombinant protein serve as a positive control).
SHIPPING: SHIPPED ON DRY ICE
LONG TERM STORAGE: -80°C
HANDLING: Avoid freeze/thaw cycles.
Product Description
The recombinant EGR-1 protein can be employed in the following fields of research: a) Promoter studies: Identification of EGR-1 binding promoter elements. b) Detection of EGR-1 interacting proteins. c) Signal transduction: Assay for the effect on the nuclear component EGR-1. d) Screening for EGR-1 activity in tumor cells and lines. e) Drug screening: Effect on EGR-1 generation and DNA binding.
Product Specific Literature References
A regulatory element in the human interleukin 2 gene promoter is a binding site for the zinc finger proteins Sp1 and EGR-1: C. Skerka, et al.; J. Biol. Chem. 270, 22500 (1995) Abstract; Full Text
The early growth response protein (EGR-1) regulates interleukin-2 transcription by synergistic interaction with the nuclear factor of activated T cells: E.L. Decker, et al.; J. Biol. Chem. 273, 26923 (1998) Abstract; Full Text
The human zinc finger protein EGR-4 acts as autoregulatory transcriptional repressor: P.F. Zipfel, et al.; Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1354, 134 (1997) Abstract
Zinc finger transcription factors as molecular targets for nitric oxide-mediated immunosuppression: inhibition of IL-2 gene expression in murine lymphocytes: D. Berendji, et al.; Mol. Med. 5, 721 (1999) Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor-2 induction of platelet-derived growth factor-C chain transcription in vascular smooth muscle cells is ERK-dependent but not JNK-dependent and mediated by Egr-1: V.C. Midgley and L.M. Khachigian; J. Biol. Chem. 279, 40289 (2004) Abstract; Full Text
General Information
Early Growth Response- (EGR-) proteins represent a family of related transcription factors with almost identical DNA- binding zinc finger domains, but with different flanking regions. All four human EGR-proteins, EGR-1 to EGR-4 bind the EGR-consensus sequence GCG T/GGG GCG. However individual EGR-proteins show different binding to related sequences, such as the overlapping EGR-1/Sp1 binding site in the human IL-2 gene promoter. In functional assays the EGR-4 protein shows superior performance for Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay (EMSA) compared to proteins expressed in E.coli.
BACKGROUND/TECHNICAL INFORMATION For EMSA labeled oligonucleotides are required, that include the specific target sequence. Radioactive labeling of the oligonucleotide is performed by kinase reaction (T4 kinase) using either 32P-γ ATP or 33P-γ ATP as a source for radioactivity. Due to the lower radiation load we recommend the use of 33P-γ ATP, which results in specific, detectable bands. Formation of a specific protein: DNA complex results in a lower mobility of this complex compared to the mobility of the free DNA. The specificity of the EMSA can also be analyzed by competition experiments in which an excess of unlabeled specific oligonucleotide interferes with the formation of a specific band, while the same amount of unrelated or mutated oligonucleotide has no effect. DNA-Protein complexes are then separated from the free (unbound) oligonucleotides by native gel-electrophoresis.

Swiss-Prot link P18146: EGR-1 (human)
AfCS Signalling Gateway link A003269: EGR-1 (mouse)
General Literature References
A zinc finger-encoding gene coregulated with c-fos during growth and differentiation, and after cellular depolarization: V.P. Sukhatme, et al.; Cell 53, 37 (1988) Abstract
Identification and characterization of the Egr-1 gene product, a DNA-binding zinc finger protein induced by differentiation and growth signals: X.M. Cao, et al.; Mol. Cell. Biol. 10, 1931 (1990) Abstract
Early growth response protein 1 (Egr-1): prototype of a zinc-finger family of transcription factor: A. Gashler & V.P. Sukhatme; Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol. 50, 191 (1995) Abstract
Further Categories Containing This Product:
Recombinant Proteins / Fusion Proteins
 
 
ALX-201-223 Revised 04-Aug-05
EGR-2 Protein (human) (recombinant)
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SYNONYMS Early Growth Response Protein 2 (human) (recombinant)
Krox-20 Protein (human) (recombinant)
pAT591 (human) (recombinant)
PRODUCT LINE DNA Regulation / Transcription
PRODUCT CATEGORY Egr Protein Family / Related Products
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ALX-201-223-1   1 Vial 390.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
SOURCE/HOST: Produced in Sf9 cells.
QUANTITY: 150µl. Sufficient for >10 Western blots or >70 gel shift assays under standard conditions.
FORMULATION: Liquid. In 20mM HEPES, pH 7.9, containing 25% glycerol, 420mM sodium chloride, 0.2mM EDTA and 1.5mM magnesium chloride.
BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY: Interacts with NFκB protein p65.
APPLICATION: EMSA promoter characterization, in vitro transcription assay, analysis of nuclear extracts (oligonucleotides and recombinant protein serve as positive control).
SHIPPING: SHIPPED ON DRY ICE
LONG TERM STORAGE: -80°C
HANDLING: Avoid freeze/thaw cycles.
Product Description
The recombinant EGR-2 protein can be employed in the following fields of research: a) Promoter studies: Identification of EGR-2 binding promoter elements. b) Detection of EGR-2 interacting proteins. c) Signal transduction: Assay for the effect on the nuclear component EGR-2. d) Screening for EGR-2 activity in tumor cells and lines. e) Drug screening: Effect on EGR-2 generation and DNA binding.
Product Specific Literature References
Coordinate expression and distinct DNA-binding characteristics of the four EGR-zinc finger proteins in Jurkat T lymphocytes: C. Skerka, et al.; Immunobiology 198, 179 (1997) Abstract
Egr-2 and Egr-3 are negative regulators of T cell activation: M. Safford, et al.; Nat. Immunol. 6, 472 (2005) Abstract
General Information
BACKGROUND/TECHNICAL INFORMATION For EMSA labeled oligonucleotides are required, that include the specific target sequence. Radioactive labeling of the oligonucleotide is performed by kinase reaction (T4 kinase) using either 32P-ATP or 33P-ATP as a source for radioactivity. Due to the lower radiation load we recommend the use of 33P-ATP, which results in specific, detectable bands. Formation of a specific protein: DNA complex results in a lower mobility of this complex compared to the mobility of the free DNA. The specificity of the EMSA can also be analyzed by competition experiments in which an excess of unlabeled specific oligonucleotide interferes with the formation of a specific band, while the same amount of unrelated or mutated oligonucleotide has no effect. DNA-Protein complexes are then separated from the free (unbound) oligonucleotides by native gel-electrophoresis.
Swiss-Prot link P11161: EGR-2 (human)
Further Categories Containing This Product:
Recombinant Proteins / Fusion Proteins
 
 
ALX-201-075 Revised 02-May-06
EGR-3 Protein (human) (recombinant)
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SYNONYMS Early Growth Response Protein 3 (human) (recombinant)
Pilot (human) (recombinant)
PRODUCT LINE DNA Regulation / Transcription
PRODUCT CATEGORY Egr Protein Family / Related Products
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Product Numbers: Format: Size: Unit Price: Quantity: Add To Cart
ALX-201-075-1   1 Vial 395.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
SOURCE/HOST: Produced in Sf9 cells.
QUANTITY: 75µl, corresponding to >25 band forming units (BFU). Sufficient for performing at least 25 gel shift assays under standard conditions.
FORMULATION: Liquid. In 20mM HEPES, pH 7.9, containing 25% glycerol, 420mM sodium chloride, 0.2mM EDTA and 1.5mM magnesium chloride.
SPECIFICITY: Binds specifically to an oligonucleotide with the sequence GCG GGG GCG.
SPECIFIC ACTIVITY: >0.33BFU/µl. 1BFU is sufficient to generate a band shift with a labelled oligonucleotide.
APPLICATION: EMSA promoter characterization, in vitro transcription assay, analysis of nuclear extracts (oligonucleotides and recombinant protein serve as positive control).
SHIPPING: SHIPPED ON DRY ICE
LONG TERM STORAGE: -80°C
HANDLING: Avoid freeze/thaw cycles.
Product Description
The recombinant EGR-3 protein can be employ