ALEXIS Biochemicals: Microcystin-LR

ALX-350-012

Revised 16-Jun-08

Microcystin-LR
PRODUCT LINE	Natural Products / Antibiotics
PRODUCT CATEGORY	Microcystins

Ordering Information

Product Numbers:	Format:	Size:	Unit Price:	Quantity:	Add To Cart
ALX-350-012-C050		50 µg	24.00 USD
ALX-350-012-C100		100 µg	46.00 USD
ALX-350-012-C500		500 µg	175.00 USD
ALX-350-012-M001		1 mg	330.00 USD

Product Specification

FORMULA:	C₄₉H₇₄N₁₀O₁₂
MW:	995.2
CAS NUMBER:	101043-37-2
RTECS:	GT2810000
SOURCE/HOST:	Isolated from Microcystis aeruginosa.
PURITY:	≥96% (HPLC)
APPEARANCE:	Whitish film adhered to inside of the vial.
SOLUBILITY:	Soluble in 100% ethanol, methanol or DMSO.
SHIPPING:	AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE:	-20°C
USE/STABILITY:	Stock solutions are stable for up to 6 months when stored at -20°C. Unstable at pH>7.7.
HANDLING:	For maximum product recovery after thawing, centrifuge the vial before opening the cap.
HAZARD:	VERY TOXIC. MAY BE CARCINOGENIC. HIGHLY IRRITANT.

Product Description

Heptapeptide ester hepatotoxin. Tumor promoter. Equally potent and selective inhibitor of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A). PP2B is less sensitive and PP2C is not inhibited up to 4µM. Useful for affinity-purification of PP2A. The product is not cell permeable except in liver cells, which appear to have a functional uptake system. Has no effect on protein kinases. Less toxic than the more hydrophobic analogs microcystin-LY, -LW and -LF. Frequently contaminates fresh-water lakes and ponds. Causes livestock poisonings. Ozonation did lead to complete loss of toxicity and toxins from contaminated samples.

Product Specific Literature References

Structural studies on cyanoginosins-LR, -YR, -YA, and -YM, peptide toxins from Microcystis aeruginosa: D.P. Botes, et al.; JCS Perkin Trans. I, 2747 (1985)
Nodularin, microcystin, and the configuration of Adda: K.L. Rinehart, et al.; JACS 110, 8557 (1988)
Characterization of microcystin-LR, a potent inhibitor of type 1 and type 2A protein phosphatases: R.E. Honkanen, et al.; J. Biol. Chem. 265, 19401 (1990) Abstract; Full Text
Cyanobacterial microcystin-LR is a potent and specific inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A from both mammals and higher plants: C. MacKintosh, et al.; FEBS Lett. 264, 187 (1990) Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2A is a specific protamine-kinase-inactivating phosphatase: G.D. Amick, et al.; Biochem. J. 287, 1019 (1992) Abstract
Evidence for the regulation of exocytic transport by protein phosphorylation: H.W. Davidson, et al.; J. Cell. Biol. 116, 1343 (1992) Abstract
Liver tumor promotion by the cyanobacterial cyclic peptide toxin microcystin-LR: R. Nishiwaki-Matsushima, et al.; J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 118, 420 (1992) Abstract
Two significant aspects of microcystin-LR: specific binding and liver specificity: R. Nishiwaki, et al.; Cancer Lett. 83, 283 (1994) Abstract
Comparative toxicity of four microcystins of different hydrophobicities to the protozoan, Tetrahymena pyriformis: C.J. Ward & G.A. Codd; J. Appl. Microbiol. 86, 874 (1999) Abstract
Unique features of the okadaic acid activity class of tumor promoters: H. Fujiki & M. Suganuma; J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 125, 150 (1999), Review Abstract
The toxicology of microcystin-LR: occurrence, toxicokinetics, toxicodynamics, diagnosis and treatment: K. Bischoff; Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 43, 294 (2001), Review Abstract
Negative regulation of ERK and Elk by protein kinase B modulates c-Fos transcription: I. Galetic, et al.; J. Biol. Chem. 278, 4416 (2003) Abstract; Full Text
Decrease in toxicity of microcystins LA and LR in drinking water by ozonation: S. Brooke, et al.; Toxicon. 48, 1054 (2006) Abstract
Mitochondria a key role in microcystin-LR kidney intoxication: R. La-Salete, et al.; J. Appl. Toxicol. 28, 55 (2008) Abstract

ALX-350-044	Microcystin-YR
ALX-850-319	Microcystins (Adda specific) ELISA Kit
ALX-350-043	Microcystin-RR
ALX-350-148	Microcystin-LY
ALX-350-080	Microcystin-LW
ALX-350-081	Microcystin-LF
ALX-350-096	Microcystin-LA
ALX-804-320	Monoclonal Antibody to Microcystin-LR (MC10E7)
ALX-804-585	Monoclonal Antibody to Microcystins (Adda specific) (AD4G2)