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ALX-350-104 Revised 10-May-07
Aaptamine
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SYNONYMS 8,9-Dimethoxy-1H-benzo[de][1,6]naphtyridine
PRODUCT LINE Natural Products / Antibiotics
PRODUCT CATEGORY Other Toxins
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ALX-350-104-M001   1 mg 90.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C13H12N2O2
MW: 228.3
CAS NUMBER: 85547-22-4
SOURCE/HOST: Isolated from the sponge Aaptos aaptos.
PURITY: ≥97%
APPEARANCE: Oil.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in DMSO or 100% ethanol.
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: -20°C
HANDLING: Protect from light.
HAZARD: TOXIC.

Product Description
Competitive antagonist of α-adrenoceptors in vascular smooth muscle cells. Inhibits cancer cell growth.
Product Specific Literature References
Alpha-adrenoceptor blocking action of aaptamine, a novel marine natural product, in vascular smooth muscle: Y. Ohizumi, et al.; J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 36, 785 (1984) Abstract
Antineoplastic agents 491. Synthetic conversion of aaptamine to isoaaptamine, 9-demethylaaptamine, and 4-methylaaptamine: G.R. Pettit, et al.; J. Org. Chem. 69, 2251 (2004) Abstract
Aaptamine, a spongean alkaloid, activates p21 promoter in a p53-independent manner: S. Aoki, et al.; BBRC 342, 101 (2006) Abstract
Further Categories Containing This Product:
Antitumor Agents (Anti-proliferative) • Adrenergics & Adrenergic Receptors/Related Products • Natural Products - Antitumor Reagents • Alkaloids
 
 
ALX-630-088 Revised 03-Apr-08
Adenylate Cyclase Toxin
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SYNONYMS AC Toxin
PRODUCT LINE Natural Products / Antibiotics
PRODUCT CATEGORY Other Toxins
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ALX-630-088-C050   50 µg 290.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
MW: ~177kDa.
SOURCE/HOST: Recombinant Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin produced in E. coli.
CONCENTRATION: 1mg/ml after reconstitution.
PURITY: ≥75% (SDS-PAGE)
APPEARANCE: Lyophilized.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in water.
RECONSTITUTION: Reconstitute with 50µl sterile distilled water to get a solution in 20mM HEPES, pH 7.5, containing 8M urea. The resulting suspension should be made uniform by gentle mixing prior to use.
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: +4°C
USE/STABILITY: After reconstitution, store at concentrations higher than 100µg/ml to reduce adherence to the container surface.
HANDLING: After reconstitution, prepare aliquots and store at -20°C.
HAZARD: TOXIC.
Product Description
Important virulence factor of Bordetella pertussis and a research tool for manipulation of cAMP levels in mammalian cells. Has the ability to interact with target cells, insert into the cytoplasmic membrane and deliver its adenylate cyclase enzymatic domain to the cell interior.
Product Specific Literature References
[1] Calmodulin activates prokaryotic adenylate cyclase: J. Wolff, et al.; PNAS 77, 3841 (1980) Abstract
[2] Phagocyte impotence caused by an invasive bacterial adenylate cyclase: D.L. Confer & J.W. Eaton; Science 217, 948 (1982) Abstract
[3] Virulence factors of Bordetella pertussis: A. Weiss & E.L. Hewlett; Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 40, 661 (1986) Abstract
[4] The calmodulin-sensitive adenylate cyclase of Bordetella pertussis: cloning and expression in Escherichia coli: P. Glaser, et al.; Mol. Microbiol. 2, 19 (1988) Abstract
[5] Adenylate cyclase toxin from Bordetella pertussis. Identification and purification of the holotoxin molecule: E.L. Hewlett, et al.; J. Biol. Chem. 264, 19379 (1989) Abstract
[6] Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin. Structural and functional independence of the catalytic and hemolytic activities: H. Sakamoto, et al.; J. Biol. Chem. 267, 13598 (1992) Abstract; Full Text
[7] Characterization of adenylate cyclase toxin from a mutant of Bordetella pertussis defective in the activator gene, cyaC: E.L. Hewlett, et al.; J. Biol. Chem. 268, 7842 (1993) Abstract; Full Text
[8] Calmodulin-activated bacterial adenylate cyclases as virulence factors: M. Mock & A. Ullmann; Trends in Microbiol. 1, 187 (1993) Abstract
[9] Adenylate cyclase toxin (CyaA) of Bordetella pertussis. Evidence for the formation of small ion-permeable channels and comparison with HlyA of Escherichia coli: R. Benz, et al.; J. Biol. Chem. 269, 27231 (1994) Abstract; Full Text
[10] Internal lysine palmitoylation in adenylate cyclase toxin from Bordetella pertussis: M. Hackett, et al.; Science 266, 433 (1994) Abstract
[11] Adenylate cyclase toxin from Bordetella pertussis produces ion conductance across artificial lipid bilayers in a calcium- and polarity- dependent manner: G. Szabo, et al.; J. Biol. Chem. 269, 22496 (1994) Abstract; Full Text
[12] Hemolytic, but not cell-invasive activity, of adenylate cyclase toxin is selectively affected by differential fatty-acylation in escherichia coli: M. Hackett, et al.; J. Biol. Chem. 270, 20250 (1995) Abstract; Full Text
[13] Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin: a versatile screening tool: N. Dautin, et al.; Toxicon 40, 1383 (2002), (Review) Abstract
[14] The adenylate cyclase toxin from Bordetella pertussis--a novel promising vehicle for antigen delivery to dendritic cells: M. Simsova, et al.; Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 239, 571 (2004), (Review) Abstract
[15] Bordetella adenylate cyclase toxin: a swift saboteur of host defense: J. Vojtova, et al.; Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 9, 69 (2006) Abstract
General Information
BACKGROUND/TECHNICAL INFORMATION Enzymatic activity: The enzymatic activity of this preparation is >238µmol cAMP/min/mg of protein as determined by a modification of the method of Hewlett et al. [5].
Toxicity: The toxicity of this preparation is >63µmol cAMP/mg of J774A.1 cell protein as determined by a modification of the method of Hewlett et al. [7].
Further Categories Containing This Product:
Enzymes • Adenylyl Cyclase Activators
 
 
ALX-270-047 Revised 26-Sep-07
Aristolochic acid
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SYNONYMS 8-Methoxy-6-nitrophenanthrol(3,4-d)-1,3-dioxide-5-carboxylic acid
PRODUCT LINE Natural Products / Antibiotics
PRODUCT CATEGORY Natural Products - Other Signal Transduction Pathway Modulators
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ALX-270-047-M025   25 mg 25.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-270-047-M100   100 mg 90.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C17H11NO7
MW: 341.3
CAS NUMBER: 313-67-7
MERCK INDEX: 14: 786
RTECS: CF3325000
SOURCE/HOST: Isolated from Aristolochia clematis.
PURITY: ≥97% (~1:1 mixture of aristolochic acids I (A) and II (B))
APPEARANCE: Yellow solid.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in DMSO or 100% ethanol.
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: +20°C
HAZARD: MAY BE CARCINOGENIC. TOXIC. MAY BE MUTAGENIC.

Product Description
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitor active against the enzymes found in many snake venoms as well as those of human platelets and synovial fluids. Inhibits ionophore-stimulated PLA2 activity in human neutrophils. Has been shown to be nephropathic and carcinogenic.
Product Specific Literature References
Characterization of three edema-inducing phospholipase A2 enzymes from habu (Trimeresurus flavoviridis) venom and their interaction with the alkaloid aristolochic acid: B.S. Vishwanath, et al.; Toxicon 25, 501 (1987) Abstract
Interaction of aristolochic acid with Vipera russelli phospholipase A2: its effect on enzymatic and pathological activities: B.S. Vishwanath & T.V. Gowda; Toxicon 25, 929 (1987) Abstract
Interaction of phospholipase A2 from Vipera russelli venom with aristolochic acid: a circular dichroism study: B.S. Vishwanath, et al.; Toxicon 25, 939 (1987) Abstract
Edema-inducing activity of phospholipase A2 purified from human synovial fluid and inhibition by aristolochic acid: B.S. Vishwanath, et al.; Inflammation 12, 549 (1988) Abstract
Effects of aristolochic acid on phospholipase A2 activity and arachidonate metabolism of human neutrophils: M.D. Rosenthal, et al.; Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1001, 3 (1989) Abstract
Suramin alters phosphoinositide synthesis and inhibits growth factor receptor binding in HT-29 cells: R. Kopp & A. Pfeiffer; Cancer Res. 50, 6490 (1990) Abstract
The effects of the phospholipase A2 inhibitors aristolochic acid and PGBx on A23187-stimulated mobilization of arachidonate in human neutrophils are overcome by diacylglycerol or phorbol ester: M.D. Rosenthal, et al.; Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1126, 319 (1992) Abstract
Evidence for different mechanisms involved in the formation of lyso platelet-activating factor and the calcium-dependent release of arachidonic acid from human neutrophils: J.D. Winkler, et al.; Biochem. Pharmacol. 44, 2055 (1992) Abstract
Selective inhibition of group II phospholipase A2 by quercetin: M. Lindahl & C. Tagesson; Inflammation 17, 573 (1993) Abstract
Detection of DNA adducts formed by aristolochic acid in renal tissue from patients with Chinese herbs nephropathy: H.H. Schmeiser, et al.; Cancer Res. 56, 2025 (1996) Abstract
Aristolochic acid and ’Chinese herbs nephropathy’: a review of the evidence to date: J.P. Cosyns; Drug Saf. 26, 33 (2003), Review Abstract
Effect of aristolochic acid on intracellular calcium concentration and its links with apoptosis in renal tubular cells: Y.H. Hsin, et al.; Apoptosis 11, 2167 (2006) Abstract
Further Categories Containing This Product:
Other Toxins • PLA2 Inhibitors • Carcinogens & Tumor Promoters Other Products • Natural Products - Other Tumor Promoters • Alkaloids
 
 
ALX-350-366 Revised 03-Apr-08 New product
Azaspiracid-1
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SYNONYMS AZA-1
PRODUCT LINE Natural Products / Antibiotics
PRODUCT CATEGORY Other Toxins
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ALX-350-366-C001   1 µg 180.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C47H71NO12
MW: 842.1
CAS NUMBER: 214899-21-5
SOURCE/HOST: Islolated from marine mussel.
CONCENTRATION:

2μg/ml
PURITY: ≥95%
FORMULATION: Liquid. In methanol.
SHIPPING: SHIPPED ON BLUE ICE
LONG TERM STORAGE: -20°C
HAZARD: VERY TOXIC. MAY BE TERATOGENIC.

Product Description
Activator of JNK (c-Jun-N-terminal kinase). Cellular growth inhibitor and inducer of cytoskeletal alterations. Activator of caspases. Modulator of intracellular cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) and calcium levels. Inhibitor of cholesterol biosynthesis in human T lymphocyte cells. Potent teratogen to finfish. Cytotoxic to mammalian cells.
Product Specific Literature References
Multiple organ damage caused by a new toxin azaspiracid, isolated from mussels produced in Ireland: E. Ito, et al.; Toxicon 38, 917 (2000) Abstract
Azaspiracid-1, a potent, nonapoptotic new phycotoxin with several cell targets: Y. Roman, et al.; Cell. Signal. 14, 703 (2002) Abstract
Teratogenic effects of azaspiracid-1 identified by microinjection of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) embryos: J.R. Coleman, et al.; Toxicon 45, 881 (2005) Abstract
Cytotoxic and cytoskeletal effects of azaspiracid-1 on mammalian cell lines: M.J. Twiner, et al.; Toxicon 45, 891 (2005) Abstract
Azaspiracids modulate intracellular pH levels in human lymphocytes: A. Alfonso, et al.; BBRC 346, 1091 (2006) Abstract
Cell growth inhibition and actin cytoskeleton disorganization induced by azaspiracid-1 structure-activity studies: N. Vilarino, et al.; Chem. Res. Toxicol. 19, 1459 (2006) Abstract
The c-Jun-N-terminal kinase is involved in the neurotoxic effect of azaspiracid-1: C. Vale, et al.; Cell Physiol. Biochem. 20, 957 (2007) Abstract
Effects of azaspiracid-1, a potent cytotoxic agent, on primary neuronal cultures. A structure-activity relationship study: C. Vale, et al.; J. Med. Chem. 50, 356 (2007) Abstract
Irreversible cytoskeletal disarrangement is independent of caspase activation during in vitro azaspiracid toxicity in human neuroblastoma cells: N. Vilarino, et al.; Biochem. Pharmacol. 74, 327 (2007) Abstract
Transcriptional profiling and inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis in human T lymphocyte cells by the marine toxin azaspiracid: M.J. Twiner, et al.; Genomics 91, 289 (2008) Abstract
Further Categories Containing This Product:
Natural Products - Other Signal Transduction Pathway Modulators • MAPK Pathway Activators • Natural Products for Cytoskeletal Research • Caspases Other Products • cAMP Pathways Other Products
 
 
ALX-350-367 Revised 31-Mar-08 New product
Azaspiracid-2
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SYNONYMS AZA-2
PRODUCT LINE Natural Products / Antibiotics
PRODUCT CATEGORY Other Toxins
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ALX-350-367-C001   1 µg 360.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C48H73NO12
MW: 855.5
CAS NUMBER: 265996-92-7
SOURCE/HOST: Isolated from marine mussel.
CONCENTRATION: 2µg/ml
PURITY: ≥95%
APPEARANCE: Liquid. In methanol.
SHIPPING: SHIPPED ON BLUE ICE
LONG TERM STORAGE: -20°C
HAZARD: VERY TOXIC.

Product Description
Modulator of intracellular cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) and calcium levels.
Product Specific Literature References
Effects of Azaspiracids 2 and 3 on intracellular cAMP, [Ca2+], and pH: Y. Roman, et al.; Chem. Res. Toxicol. 17, 1338 (2004) Abstract
Azaspiracids modulate intracellular pH levels in human lymphocytes: A. Alfonso, et al.; BBRC 346, 1091 (2006) Abstract
Further Categories Containing This Product:
Natural Products - Other Signal Transduction Pathway Modulators • cAMP Pathways Other Products
 
 
ALX-350-368 Revised 31-Mar-08 New product
Azaspiracid-3
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SYNONYMS AZA-3
PRODUCT LINE Natural Products / Antibiotics
PRODUCT CATEGORY Other Toxins
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ALX-350-368-C001   1 µg 540.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C46H69NO12
MW: 827.5
CAS NUMBER: 265996-93-8
SOURCE/HOST: Isolated from marine mussel.
CONCENTRATION: 2µg/ml
PURITY: ≥95%
APPEARANCE: Liquid. In methanol.
SHIPPING: SHIPPED ON BLUE ICE
LONG TERM STORAGE: -20°C
HAZARD: VERY TOXIC.

Product Description
Modulator of intracellular cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate), calcium and pH levels.
Product Specific Literature References
Effects of Azaspiracids 2 and 3 on intracellular cAMP, [Ca2+], and pH: Y. Roman, et al.; Chem. Res. Toxicol. 17, 1338 (2004) Abstract
Azaspiracids modulate intracellular pH levels in human lymphocytes: A. Alfonso, et al.; BBRC 346, 1091 (2006) Abstract
Further Categories Containing This Product:
Natural Products - Other Signal Transduction Pathway Modulators • cAMP Pathways Other Products
 
 
ALX-350-100 Revised 03-Apr-08
Convulxin
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PRODUCT LINE Natural Products / Antibiotics
PRODUCT CATEGORY Other Toxins
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ALX-350-100-C050   50 µg 565.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
MW: ~84kDa.
CAS NUMBER: 37206-04-5
SOURCE/HOST: Isolated from Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom.
PURITY: ≥90% (SDS-PAGE)
FORMULATION: Lyophilized.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in organic buffer (HEPES).
ACTIVITY: <50ng/ml (minimal concentration to induce maximum activation of washed human platelets).
APPLICATION: Studies on platelet receptors.
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: -20°C
USE/STABILITY: Stock solutions are stable for 8 hours at +20°C, for 2 days at +4°C or for 1 month when stored at -80°C.
HANDLING: Avoid freeze/thaw cycles. After opening, prepare aliquots and store at -80°C.
HAZARD: TOXIC.
Product Description
Heterodimeric C-type lectin. Activates mammalian platelets via binding and clustering of p62/GPVI-receptors under physiological conditions.
Product Specific Literature References
Convulxin, a new toxin from the venom of the South American rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus: J. Prado-Franceschi & O.V. Brazil; Toxicon 19, 875 (1981) Abstract
Platelet activation and signal transduction by convulxin, a C-type lectin from Crotalus durissus terrificus (tropical rattlesnake) venom via the p62/GPVI collagen receptor: J. Polgar, et al.; J. Biol. Chem. 272, 13576 (1997) Abstract
Convulxin-induced platelet adhesion and aggregation: involvement of glycoproteins VI and IaIIa: M. Jandrot-Perrus, et al.; Platelets 9, 207 (1998) Abstract
Collagen, convulxin, and thrombin stimulate aggregation-independent tyrosine phosphorylation of CD31 in platelets. Evidence for the involvement of Src family kinases: M. Cicmil, et al.; J. Biol. Chem. 275, 27339 (2000) Abstract
Convulxin binds to native, human glycoprotein Ib alpha: S. Kanaji, et al.; J. Biol. Chem. 278, 39452 (2003) Abstract
Structure of the snake-venom toxin convulxin: T. Batuwangala, et al.; Acta Crystallogr. D. Biol. Crystallogr. 60, 46 (2004) Abstract
General Information
BACKGROUND/TECHNICAL INFORMATION Assay performed in aggregometer:
- Incubate 485µl platelets suspension (5x108 platelets/ml) for 1-2 minutes at 37°C until base line is stable.
- Add 5µl 200mM CaCl2.
- Add 5µl 200mM MgCl2.
- Wait until baseline is stable.
- Add 5µl collagen solution (0.5mg/ml) for positive control OR add 5µl convulxin (0.1µg/ml in HEPES).
- Measure aggregation at 37°C.
Further Categories Containing This Product:
Unconjugated Lectins • Platelet Activating Factors [PAF] & Receptors/Related Products
 
 
ALX-350-149 Revised 23-Oct-07
Cylindrospermopsin
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PRODUCT LINE Natural Products / Antibiotics
PRODUCT CATEGORY Other Toxins
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ALX-350-149-C025   25 µg 140.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-350-149-C100   100 µg 210.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C15H21N5O7S
MW: 415.4
CAS NUMBER: 143545-90-8
RTECS: UV9104310
SOURCE/HOST: Isolated from Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii.
PURITY: ≥95% (HPLC)
APPEARANCE: Glassy solid.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in water, methanol or DMSO.
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: -20°C
HAZARD: VERY TOXIC. HIGHLY IRRITANT.

Product Description
Tricyclic alkaloid hepatotoxin. Exhibits a completely different mechanism of toxicity than microcystins. Protein synthesis inhibitor. Might be carcinogenic. Inhibits pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis.
Product Specific Literature References
Severe hepatotoxicity caused by the tropical cyanobacterium (blue-green alga) Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Woloszynska) Seenaya and Subba Raju isolated from a domestic water supply reservoir: P.R. Hawkins, et al.; Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 50, 1292 (1985) Abstract; Full Text
Cylindrospermopsin, a potent hepatotoxin from the blue-green alga Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii: I. Ohtani, et al.; JACS 114, 7941 (1992) Full Text
Isolation and toxicity of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii from an ornamental lake: P.R. Hawkins, et al.; Toxicon. 35, 341 (1997) Abstract
Cylindrospermopsin, a cyanobacterial alkaloid: evaluation of its toxicologic activity: G.R. Shaw, et al.; Ther. Drug Monit. 22, 89 (2000) Abstract
Preliminary evidence for in vivo tumour initiation by oral administration of extracts of the blue-green alga cylindrospermopsis raciborskii containing the toxin cylindrospermopsin: I.R. Falconer & A.R. Humpage; Environ. Toxicol. 16, 192 (2001) Abstract
The Palm Island mystery disease 20 years on: a review of research on the cyanotoxin cylindrospermopsin: D.J. Griffiths and M.L. Saker; Environ. Toxicol. 18, 78 (2003), Review Abstract
The cyanobacterial toxin cylindrospermopsin inhibits pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis and alters cholesterol distribution in mice: M. Reisner, et al.; Toxicol. Sci. 82, 620 (2004) Abstract
Further Categories Containing This Product:
Uridine Derivatives Other Products • Lipid Metabolism Other Products • Protein Synthesis Other Products • Alkaloids
 
 
ALX-380-042 Revised 05-May-08
Doxorubicin . hydrochloride
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SYNONYMS DXR . HCl
14-Hydroxydaunomycin . HCl
Adriamycin . HCl
PRODUCT LINE Natural Products / Antibiotics
PRODUCT CATEGORY Antitumor Antibiotics
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ALX-380-042-M005   5 mg 60.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-380-042-M010   10 mg 110.00 USD Add To Cart