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Toxins
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ALX-350-044 Revised 06-Jun-08
Microcystin-YR
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PRODUCT LINE Natural Products / Antibiotics
PRODUCT CATEGORY Microcystins
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Product Numbers: Format: Size: Unit Price: Quantity: Add To Cart
ALX-350-044-C025   25 µg 140.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-350-044-C100   100 µg 210.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C52H72N10O13
MW: 1045.2
CAS NUMBER: 101064-48-6
SOURCE/HOST: Isolated from Microcystis aeruginosa.
PURITY: ≥95% (HPLC)
APPEARANCE: Whitish film adhered to inside of the vial.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in 100% ethanol, methanol or DMSO.
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: -20°C
HANDLING: For maximum product recovery after thawing, centrifuge the vial before opening the cap.
HAZARD: MAY BE CARCINOGENIC. HIGHLY IRRITANT. VERY TOXIC.
IDENTITY: Identity determined by MS.

Product Description
Analog of microcystin-LR (Prod. No. ALX-350-012) with Tyr substituted in place of Leu. As for all microcystins the conjugated double bonds in the ADDA moiety cause a characteristic absorption maximum at 238nm. The Tyr residue in position 2 of microcystin-YR confers an absorption maximum at 232nm. Potent inhibitor of eukaryotic protein phosphatases 1 and 2A. Useful as a reference compound in environmental analysis. The hydroxyl group of the Tyr residue may prove useful for linking microcystin-YR via conjugation to other chemicals. Inhibits the synthesis of proteases such as cathepsin D and L, and arginine aminopeptidase.
Product Specific Literature References
Structural studies on cyanoginosins-LR, -YR, -YA, and -YM, peptide toxins from Microcystis aeruginosa: D.P. Botes, et al.; JCS Perkin Trans. I, 2747 (1985)
Cyanobacteria secondary metabolites - the cyanotoxins: W.W. Carmichael; J. Appl. Bacteriol. 72, 445 (1992) Abstract
Extraction and high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of microcystins in raw and treated waters: L.A. Lawton, et al.; Analyst 119, 1525 (1994) Abstract
Characterization of natural toxins with inhibitory activity against serine/threonine protein phosphatases: R.E. Honkanen, et al.; Toxicon 32, 339 (1994) Abstract
Isolation and characterization of microcystins from laboratory cultures and environmental samples of Microcystis aeruginosa and from an associated animal toxicosis: L.A. Lawton, et al.; Nat. Toxins 3, 50 (1995) Abstract
The cyanotoxins: W.W. Carmichael; Adv. Bot. Res. 27, 211 (1997)
The toxicology of microcystins: R.M. Dawson; Toxicon 36, 953 (1998) Abstract
Molecular mechanisms underlying inhibition of protein phosphatases by marine toxins: J.F. Dawson and C.F. Holmes; Front. Biosci. 4, D646 (1999) Abstract
Isolation and detection of microcystins and nodularins, cyanobacterial peptide hepatotoxins: J. Meriluoto, et al.; Methods Mol. Biol. 145, 65 (2000) Abstract
Toxicology and evaluation of microcystins: P.K. Lam, et al.; Ther. Drug. Monit. 22, 69 (2000) Abstract
Influence of microcystin-YR and nodularin on the activity of some proteolytic enzymes in mouse liver: A. Lankoff & A. Kolataj; Toxicon. 39, 419 (2001) Abstract
Molecular enzymology underlying regulation of protein phosphatase-1 by natural toxins: C.F. Holmes, et al.; Curr. Med. Chem. 9, 1981 (2002) Abstract
The microcystins and nodularins: cyclic polypeptide inhibitors of PP1 and PP2A: B.M. Gulledgea, et al.; Curr. Med. Chem. 9, 1991 (2002) Abstract
Production of secondary metabolites by freshwater cyanobacteria: K. Harada; Pharm. Bull. 52, 889 (2004) Abstract
Genetic contributions to the risk assessment of microcystin in the environment: E. Dittmann and T. Borner; Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 203, 192 (2005) Abstract
Detection of the cyanobacterial hepatotoxins microcystins: J. McElhiney and L.A. Lawton; Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 203, 219 (2005) Abstract
Guidance values for microcystins in water and cyanobacterial supplement products (blue-green algal supplements): a reasonable or misguided approach?: D. Dietrich and S. Hoeger; Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 203, 273 (2005) Abstract
Acute and subacute toxic effects produced by microcystin-YR on the fish cell lines RTG-2 and PLHC-1: S. Pichardo, et al.; Toxicol. In Vitro 21, 1460 (2007) Abstract
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Further Categories Containing This Product:
Other Toxins • Proteases Other Products
 
 
ALX-630-111 Revised 20-Aug-07
Moniliformin . sodium salt
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SYNONYMS 1-Hydroxycyclobut-1-ene-3,4-dione . sodium salt
PRODUCT LINE Natural Products / Antibiotics
PRODUCT CATEGORY Mycotoxins
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Product Numbers: Format: Size: Unit Price: Quantity: Add To Cart
ALX-630-111-M001   1 mg 140.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-630-111-M005   5 mg 590.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C4HO3 . Na
MW: 120.0
CAS NUMBER: 71376-34-6
RTECS: GU1815000
SOURCE/HOST: Isolated from Fusarium moniliforme.
PURITY: ≥98% (HPLC)
APPEARANCE: Light yellow powder.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in water.
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: -20°C
HAZARD: TOXIC.

Product Description
Mycotoxin.
Product Specific Literature References
Structure and synthesis of moniliformin, a novel cyclobutane microbial toxin: J.P. Springer, et al.; JACS 96, 2267 (1974) Abstract
Moniliformin, a mycotoxin from Fusarium fusarioides: C.J. Rabie, et al.; J. Agric. Food Chem. 26, 375 (1978) Abstract
Isolation and purification of moniliformin: M. Steyn, et al.; J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 61, 578 (1978) Abstract
A molecular mechanism for the toxic action of moniliformin, a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium moniliforme: P.G. Thiel; Biochem. Pharmacol. 27, 483 (1978) Abstract
Moniliformin, a metabolite of Fusarium moniliforme NRRL 6322: purification and toxicity: H.R. Burmeister, et al.; Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 37, 11 (1979) Abstract; Full Text
Effect of moniliformin on myocardial contractility in rats: L.L. Fan, et al.; Biomed. Environ. Sci. 4, 290 (1991) Abstract
Moniliformin: the result of storing a citric acid cycle intermediate: M.E. Forster; Biochem. Med. Metab. Biol. 47, 279 (1992) Abstract
Comparative cytotoxicity of fumonisin B1 and moniliformin in chicken primary cell cultures: W. Wu, et al.; Mycopathologia 132, 111 (1995) Abstract
Genotoxic effects of three Fusarium mycotoxins, fumonisin B1, moniliformin and vomitoxin in bacteria and in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes: S. Knasmuller, et al.; Mutat. Res. 391, 39 (1997) Abstract
Effects of moniliformin in presence of cyclohexadepsipeptides on isolated mammalian tissue and cells: M.R. Kamyar, et al.; Toxicol. In Vitro 20, 1284 (2006) Abstract
 
 
ALX-350-061 Revised 30-Jun-08
Nodularin
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PRODUCT LINE Natural Products / Antibiotics
PRODUCT CATEGORY Microcystins
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Product Numbers: Format: Size: Unit Price: Quantity: Add To Cart
ALX-350-061-C050   50 µg 37.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-350-061-C100   100 µg 70.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-350-061-C250   250 µg 155.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-350-061-M001   1 mg 530.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C41H60N8O10
MW: 825.0
CAS NUMBER: 118399-22-7
SOURCE/HOST: Isolated from Nodularia spumigena.
PURITY: ≥95% (HPLC)
APPEARANCE: Dry residue containing traces of monobasic potassium phosphate.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in methanol:water (1:1).
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: -20°C
HAZARD: TUMOR PROMOTER. HIGHLY IRRITANT.

Product Description
Inhibitor of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) (IC50=1.8nM), protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) (IC50=0.026nM) and to a lesser extent protein phosphatase 2B (PP2B) (IC50=8.7µm). Similar to microcystin-LR (Prod. No. ALX-350-012) but with increased water solubility. Genotoxic. Induces oxidative DNA damage by oxidation of purines. Induces apoptosis in HepG2 cells.
Product Specific Literature References
Nodularin, microcystin and the configuration of Adda: K.L. Rinehart, et al.; JACS 110, 8557 (1988)
Toxicity and partial structure of a hepatotoxic peptide produced by the cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena Mertens emend. L575 from New Zealand: W.W. Carmichael, et al.; Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54, 2257 (1988) Abstract
Inhibition of protein phosphatases by microcystins and nodularin associated with hepatotoxicity: S. Yoshizawa, et al.; J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 116, 609 (1990) Abstract
Rapid purification of the peptide toxins microcystin-LR and nodularin: C. Martin, et al.; FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 56, 1 (1990) Abstract
In vitro and in vivo effects of protein phosphatase inhibitors, microcystins and nodularin, on mouse skin and fibroblasts: R. Matsushima, et al.; BBRC 171, 867 (1990) Abstract
Internal surface reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic separation of the cyanobacterial peptide toxins microcystin-LA, -LR, -YR, -RR and nodularin: J.A. Meriluoto, et al.; J. Chromatogr. 509, 390 (1990) Abstract
Cyanobacterial nodularin is a potent inhibitor of type 1 and type 2A protein phosphatases: R.E. Honkanen, et al.; Mol. Pharmacol. 40, 577 (1991) Abstract
Degradation of the cyanobacterial hepatotoxin, nodularin, under light and dark conditions: H. Twist & G.A. Codd; FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 151, 83 (1997) Abstract
Isolation and detection of microcystins and nodularins, cyanobacterial peptide hepatotoxins: J. Meriluoto, et al.; Methods Mol. Biol. 145, 65 (2000) Abstract
Influence of microcystin-YR and nodularin on the activity of some proteolytic enzymes in mouse liver: A. Lankoff & A. Kolataj; Toxicon 39, 419 (2001) Abstract
Nodularin-Har: a new nodularin from Nodularia: K. Saito, et al; J. Nat. Prod. 64, 139 (2001) Abstract
Detection of nodularin in flounders and cod from the Baltic Sea: V. Sipia, et al.; Environ. Toxicol. 16, 121 (2001) Abstract
The microcystins and nodularins: cyclic polypeptide inhibitors of PP1 and PP2A: B.M. Gulledgea, et al.; Curr. Med. Chem. 9, 1991 (2002) Abstract
Study on the distribution of nodularin in tissues and cell level in mice: Z. Zhang, et al.; Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 36, 100 (2002) Abstract
Genotoxic potential of Microcystin-LR and nodularin in vitro in primary cultured rat hepatocytes and in vivo in rat liver: N. Bouaicha, et al.; Environ. Toxicol. 20, 341 (2005) Abstract
Bacterial degradation of microcystins and nodularin: S. Imanishi, et al.; Chem. Res. Toxicol. 18, 591 (2005) Abstract
Nodularin-induced genotoxicity following oxidative DNA damage and aneuploidy in HepG2 cells: A. Lankoff, et al.; Toxicol. Lett. 164, 239 (2006) Abstract
Further Categories Containing This Product:
Other Toxins
 
 
ALX-550-239 Revised 01-Dec-05
Nonivamide
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SYNONYMS Nonylic vanillylamide
N-[4-Hydroxy-3-methoxy-benzyl]nonanamide
N-Vanillylnonamide
Pelargonic acid vanillylamide
Vanillyl pelargonic amide
Pseudocapsaicin
PRODUCT LINE Natural Products / Antibiotics
PRODUCT CATEGORY Neurotoxins
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Product Numbers: Format: Size: Unit Price: Quantity: Add To Cart
ALX-550-239-M025   25 mg 25.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-550-239-M100   100 mg 45.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C17H27NO3
MW: 293.4
CAS NUMBER: 2444-46-4
RTECS: RA5955000
SOURCE/HOST: Synthetic
PURITY: ≥96%
APPEARANCE: White to off-white solid.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in DMSO or 100% ethanol; slightly soluble in water.
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: +4°C
HAZARD: IRRITANT. POTENT NEUROTOXIN.

Product Description
Minor constituent of hot pepper (Capsicum oleoresin).
Product Specific Literature References
The effects of a series of capsaicin analogues on nociception and body temperature in the rat: A.G. Hayes, et al.; Life Sci. 34, 1241 (1984) Abstract
Comparison of nonivamide and capsaicin with regard to their pharmacokinetics and effects on sensory neurons: G. Skofitsch, et al.; Arzneimittel-Forschung 34, 154 (1984) Abstract
Hypotensive and antinociceptive effect of ether-linked and relatively non-pungent analogues of N-nonanoyl vanillylamide: J. Chen, et al.; Eur. J. Med. Chem. 27, 187 (1992)
A possible role of nitric oxide formation in the vasodilatation of rabbit ear artery induced by a topically applied Capsaicin analogue: T. Suzuki, et al.; J. Vet. Med. Sci. 60, 691 (1998) Abstract
The Effect of the Base on the Kinetics of Action of the Capsaicinoid Nonivamide: Evaluation with a Hyperemic Test: M. Stücker, et al.; Skin Pharmacol. Appl. Skin Physiol. 12, 289 (1999) Abstract
Nitrated nonivamide displaying a drawback of proton's role in capsaicin- associated sensory and neuronal activities: Y.C. Yang, et al.; Gen. Pharmacol. 33, 257 (1999) Abstract
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Further Categories Containing This Product:
TRPV1 Agonists and Antagonists / Related Products
 
 
ALX-630-087 Revised 16-Jun-08
NSTX-3
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SYNONYMS 2,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetyl-L-asparaginyl-N'-(L-arginyl-puteanyl)-cadaverine
PRODUCT LINE Natural Products / Antibiotics
PRODUCT CATEGORY Neurotoxins
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ALX-630-087-C100   100 µg 240.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C30H52N10O7
MW: 664.8
SOURCE/HOST: Synthetic.
PURITY: ≥98%
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in water.
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: -20°C
HANDLING: Protect from light.
HAZARD: NEUROTOXIN.

Product Description
Originally isolated from Nephila maculata. Specific, irreversible spider neurotoxin, that inhibits both glutamate and postsynaptic potentials in the neuromuscular junction. Specifically blocks Na+-channels.
Product Specific Literature References
Evidence for a displaceable non-specific [3H]neurotensin binding site in rat brain: Y. Aramaki, et al.; Proc. Jpn. Acad. 62B, 359 (1986)
Synthesis of a new neurotoxin NSTX-3 of Papua New Guinean spider: T. Teshima, et al.; THL 28, 3509 (1987)
Characterization of binding sites for spider toxin, [3H]NSTX-3, in the rat brain: H. Ino, et al.; Neurosci. Res. 8, 29 (1990) Abstract
Total synthesis of nstx-3, spider toxin of nephila maculata : T. Teshima, et al.; Tetrahedron 47, 3305 (1991)
Novel mechanism of blocking axonal Na(+) channels by three macrocyclic polyamine analogues and two spider toxins: M. Yakehiro, et al.; Br. J. Pharmacol. 132, 63 (2001) Abstract
 
 
ALX-630-089 Revised 22-Jul-08
Ochratoxin A
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PRODUCT LINE Natural Products / Antibiotics
PRODUCT CATEGORY Mycotoxins
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Product Numbers: Format: Size: Unit Price: Quantity: Add To Cart
ALX-630-089-M001   1 mg 40.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-630-089-M005   5 mg 150.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-630-089-M025   25 mg 590.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C20H18ClNO6
MW: 403.8
CAS NUMBER: 303-47-9
MERCK INDEX: 14: 6740
RTECS: AY4375000
SOURCE/HOST: Isolated from Aspergillus ochraceus.
PURITY: ≥98% (HPLC)
APPEARANCE: White to off-white crystals.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in methanol (10mg/ml).
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: +4°C
HAZARD: MAY BE TERATOGENIC. MAY BE MUTAGENIC. MAY BE CARCINOGENIC. VERY TOXIC.

Product Description
Mycotoxin. Natural contaminant of mouldy food and feed. It has a number of toxic effects, the most prominent being nephrotoxicity. Immunosuppressive, genotoxic, teratogenic and carcinogenic. Stimulates lipid peroxidation. Induces oxidative DNA lesions coupled with direct DNA adducts via quinone formation
Product Specific Literature References
Ochratoxin A, a toxic metabolite produced by Aspergillus ochraceus Wilh: K.J. van der Merwe, et al.; Nature 205, 112 (1965) Abstract
Lipid peroxidation as a possible cause of ochratoxin A toxicity: A.D. Rahimtula, et al.; Biochem. Pharmacol. 37, 4469 (1988) Abstract
Mechanism of ochratoxin A stimulated lipid peroxidation: R.F. Omar, et al.; Biochem. Pharmacol. 40, 1183 (1990) Abstract
Role of cytochrome P-450 in ochratoxin A-stimulated lipid peroxidation: R.F. Omar, et al.; J. Biochem. Toxicol. 6, 203 (1991) Abstract
Effect of superoxide dismutase and catalase on the nephrotoxicity induced by subchronical administration of ochratoxin A in rats: I. Baudrimont, et al.; Toxicology 89, 101 (1994) Abstract
Toxicity and metabolism of ochratoxin A: J. Fink-Gremmels, et al.; Nat. Toxins 3, 214 (1995) Abstract
How aspartame prevents the toxicity of ochratoxin A: E.E. Creppy, et al.; J. Toxicol. Sci. 23 Supp. 2, 165 (1998) Abstract
Toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of ochratoxin A, an update: D. Ringot, et al.; Chem. Biol. Interact. 159, 18 (2006), (Review) Abstract
Ochratoxin A: An overview on toxicity and carcinogenicity in animals and humans: A. Pfohl-Leszkowicz & R. A. Manderville; Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 51, 61 (2007), (Review) Abstract
Further Categories Containing This Product:
Lipid Peroxidation • Plant Research Reagents / Related Products • Oxidative Stress Markers & Reagents / Related Products
 
 
ALX-350-003 Revised 23-May-08
Okadaic acid (high purity)
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SYNONYMS Halochondrine A (high purity)
9,10-Deepithio-9,10-didehydroacanthifolicin (high purity)
PRODUCT LINE Natural Products / Antibiotics
PRODUCT CATEGORY Okadaic Acids
Ordering Information
Product Numbers: Format: Size: Unit Price: Quantity: Add To Cart
ALX-350-003-C025   25 µg 60.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-350-003-C050   50 µg 110.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-350-003-C100   100 µg 180.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-350-003-M001   1 mg 990.00 USD Add To Cart
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Product Specification
FORMULA: C44H68O13
MW: 805.0
CAS NUMBER: 78111-17-8
MERCK INDEX: 14: 6819
RTECS: AA8227800
SOURCE/HOST: Isolated from Prorocentrum concavum by preparative flash, medium pressure and high performance liquid chromatography.
PURITY: ≥98% (HPLC)
APPEARANCE: White crystalline solid.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in DMSO, 100% ethanol or methanol (1mg/ml).
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: -20°C
USE/STABILITY: Use only fresh solutions.
HANDLING: Packaged under inert gas. Protect from light.
HAZARD: HIGHLY IRRITANT. MAY BE CARCINOGENIC. TOXIC.

Product Description
Potent inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A) in numerous cell types. Does not affect activity of acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and tyrosine phosphatase. Non-phorbol type tumor promoter. Induces apoptosis in human breast carcinoma cells (MB-231 and MCF-7) and in myeloid cells, but inhibits glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis in T cell hybridomas. Tumor promoter. Has shown contractile effect on smooth muscle and heart muscle. Significantly increases cyclin B1 expression in adult neurons.
Product Specific Literature References
Okadaic acid: an additional non-phorbol-12-tetradecanoate-13-acetate- type tumor promoter: M. Suganuma, et al.; PNAS 85, 1768 (1988) Abstract
Protein phosphatases come of age: P. Cohen & P.T.W. Cohen; J. Biol. Chem. 264, 21435 (1989) Abstract; Full Text
The structure and regulation of protein phosphatases: P. Cohen; Ann. Rev. Biochem. 58, 453 (1989) Abstract
Effects of the tumour promoter okadaic acid on intracellular protein phosphorylation and metabolism: T.A. Haystead, et al.; Nature 337, 78 (1989) Abstract
Okadaic acid: a new probe for the study of cellular regulation: P. Cohen, et al.; TIPS 15, 98 (1990), (Review) Abstract
Nonphorbol tumor promoters okadaic acid and calyculin-A induce membrane translocation of protein kinase C: R. Gopalakrishna, et al.; BBRC 189, 950 (1992) Abstract
Protein phosphatase inhibitors okadaic acid and calyculin A alter cell shape and F-actin distribution and inhibit stimulus-dependent increases in cytoskeletal actin of human neutrophils: P. Kreienbuehl, et al.; Blood 80, 2911 (1992) Abstract
Site-specific dephosphorylation of smooth muscle myosin light chain kinase by protein phosphatases 1 and 2A: M. Nomura, et al.; Biochemistry 31, 11915 (1992) Abstract
Inhibition of apoptosis in human tumour cells by okadaic acid: Q. Song, et al.; J. Cell Physiol. 153, 550 (1992) Abstract
Okadaic acid enhances human T cell activation and phosphorylation of an internal substrate induced by phorbol myristate acetate: Y. Tada, et al.; Immunopharmacol. 24, 17 (1992) Abstract
Okadaic acid inhibits glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis in T cell hybridomas at its late stage: Y. Ohoka, et al.; BBRC 197, 916 (1993) Abstract
Multiple apoptotic death types triggered through activation of separate pathways by cAMP and inhibitors of protein phosphatases in one (IPC leukemia) cell line: B.T. Gjertsen, et al.; J. Cell. Sci. 107, 3363 (1994) Abstract
Differential induction of apoptosis in human breast tumor cells by okadaic acid and related inhibitors of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A: K. Kiguchi, et al.; Cell Growth Differentiation 5, 995 (1994) Abstract
Unique features of the okadaic acid activity class of tumor promoters: H. Fujiki & M. Suganuma; J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 125, 150 (1999), Review Abstract
Okadaic acid: the archetypal serine/threonine protein phosphatase inhibitor: A.B. Dounay & C.J. Forsyth; Curr. Med. Chem. 9, 1939 (2002), Review Abstract
Mechanism of Ca2+-mediated regulation of NDR protein kinase through autophosphorylation and phosphorylation by an upstream kinase: R. Tamaskovic, et al.; J. Biol. Chem. 278, 6710 (2003) Abstract; Full Text
Okadaic acid induced cyclin B1 expression and mitotic catastrophe in rat cortex: B. Chen, et al.; Neurosci. Lett. 406, 178 (2006) Abstract
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