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Toxins
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ALX-630-002 Revised 20-Nov-07
Tetrodotoxin (citrate free)
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SYNONYMS Fugu poison
TTX
PRODUCT LINE Natural Products / Antibiotics
PRODUCT CATEGORY Neurotoxins
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Product Numbers: Format: Size: Unit Price: Quantity: Add To Cart
ALX-630-002-M001   1 mg Inquire
Product Specification
FORMULA: C11H17N3O8
MW: 319.3
CAS NUMBER: 4368-28-9
MERCK INDEX: 14: 9246
RTECS: IO1450000
SOURCE/HOST: Isolated from ovaries and liver of chinese puffer fish.
PURITY: ≥98% (HPLC)
APPEARANCE: White to off-white powder.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in dilute acetic acid or citrate buffer (pH 4.8–4.9). Do not use alkaline solution.
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: +4°C
HANDLING: Do not use in alkaline media.
HAZARD: VERY TOXIC.

Product Description
Potent neurotoxin. Blocks voltage-gated fast Na+ channels in nerve cell membranes.
Product Specific Literature References
The constituents of the ovaries of globefish. VIII. Studies on tetrodotoxin: K. Tsuda & M. Kawamura; Pharm. Bull. 1, 112 (1953) Abstract
Recent advances in the study of mechanism of action of marine neurotoxins: T. Narahashi, et al.; Neurotoxicology 15, 545 (1994), (Review) Abstract
Tetrodotoxin poisoning: D.F. Hwang & T. Noguchi; Adv. Food Nutr. Res. 52, 141 (2007), (Review) Abstract
Further Categories Containing This Product:
Na+ Channels
 
 
ALX-630-109 Revised 21-Nov-07
Thaxtomin A
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PRODUCT LINE Natural Products / Antibiotics
PRODUCT CATEGORY Other Toxins
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Product Numbers: Format: Size: Unit Price: Quantity: Add To Cart
ALX-630-109-M001   1 mg 90.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-630-109-M005   5 mg 360.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C22H22N4O6
MW: 438.4
CAS NUMBER: 122380-18-1
SOURCE/HOST: Isolated from Streptomyces sp.
PURITY: ≥96% (HPLC)
APPEARANCE: Orange solid.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in acetone, 100% ethanol or methanol.
SHIPPING: SHIPPED ON BLUE ICE
LONG TERM STORAGE: -20°C
USE/STABILITY: Stock solutions are stable for at least 3 months when stored at -20°C.
HAZARD: HARMFUL.

Product Description
Phytotoxin. Causes plant cell necrosis at nanomolar concentrations. Demonstrated to be produced by bacterial nitric oxide synthases (NOS).
Product Specific Literature References
Selection and characterization of microorganisms utilizing thaxtomin A, a phytotoxin produced by streptomyces scabies: C.L. Doumbou, et al.; Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64, 4313 (1998) Abstract; Full Text
Involvement of a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase in thaxtomin A biosynthesis by Streptomyces acidiscabies: F.G. Healy, et al.; J. Bacteriol. 184, 2019 (2002) Abstract; Full Text
An Arabidopsis mutant resistant to thaxtomin A, a cellulose synthesis inhibitor from Streptomyces species: W.R. Scheible, et al.; Plant Cell 15, 1781 (2003) Abstract; Full Text
More chemistry of the thaxtomin phytotoxins: R.R. King, et al.; Phytochemistry 64, 1091 (2003) Abstract
Nitration of a peptide phytotoxin by bacterial nitric oxide synthase: J.A. Kers, et al.; Nature 429, 79 (2004) Abstract
Thaxtomin A induces programmed cell death in Arabidopsis thaliana suspension-cultured cells: I. Duval, et al.; Planta 222, 820 (2005) Abstract
Further Categories Containing This Product:
Apoptosis Inducers & Inhibitors Other Products • NOS Other Products • Non-apoptotic Cell Death/Necrosis
 
 
ALX-630-100 Revised 17-Jun-08
Toxin A, from Clostridium difficile
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PRODUCT LINE Natural Products / Antibiotics
PRODUCT CATEGORY Other Toxins
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ALX-630-100-C002   2 µg 170.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-630-100-C100   100 µg 610.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
MW: ~270kDa
SOURCE/HOST: Isolated from Clostridium difficile.
CONCENTRATION: 0.1mg/ml after reconstitution.
PURITY DETAIL: Migrates as two bands of >200kDa in SDS-PAGE.
FORMULATION: Lyophilized from 50mM TRIS, pH 7.5, containing 50mM sodium chloride and 0.1% trehalose.
RECONSTITUTION: Reconstitute with sterile distilled water.
ACTIVITY: Each lot is tested to confirm binding activity to fresh rabbit red blood cells using a hemagglutination assay. The lowest concentration producing a positive reaction was ~50µg/ml.
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: +4°C
USE/STABILITY: Activity was found to decrease to 1/10 after one week of storage at +4°C after reconstitution.
HANDLING: Do not freeze.
HAZARD: TOXIC.
Product Description

Has potent cytotoxic and enterotoxic properties. Translocates to the cytosol of target cells and glucosylates small GTP-binding proteins such as Rho, Rac, and Cdc42. Induces actin condensation, cell death and opening of the tight junctions. Triggers release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from intestinal epithelial cells probably via activation of MAP kinases.
Product Specific Literature References
[1] A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding: M.M. Bradford; Anal. Biochem. 72, 248 (1976) Abstract
[2] Purification and characterization of Clostridium difficile toxin: R. D. Rolfe & S. M. Finegold; Infect. Immun. 257, 191 (1979) Abstract
[3] Clostridium difficile toxin A and its effects on cells: C. Fiorentini & M. Thelestam; Toxicon 297, 543 (1991) Abstract
[4] Effects of Clostridium difficile toxins on epithelial cell barrier: C. Pothoulakis; Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 915, 347 (2000) Abstract
[5] Large clostridial cytotoxins: cellular biology of Rho/Ras-glucosylating toxins: J. Schirmer & K. Aktories; Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1673, 66 (2004) Abstract
[6] Clostridium difficile toxins: mechanism of action and role in disease: D. E. Voth & J. D. Ballard; Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 18, 247 (2005), (Review) Abstract
[7] Rho-glucosylating Clostridium difficile toxins A and B: new insights into structure and function: T. Jank, et al.; Glycobiology 17, 15R (2007), (Review) Abstract
General Information
BACKGROUND/TECHNICAL INFORMATION Protein concentration is determined by the Bradford method [1] using BSA as a standard.
Further Categories Containing This Product:
Cytoskeleton & Extracellular Matrix Other Products
 
 
ALX-550-310 Revised 03-Jun-08
Trifluoperazine . dihydrochloride
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PRODUCT LINE Signal Transduction
PRODUCT CATEGORY Calmodulin Inhibitors
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ALX-550-310-G001   1 g 20.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-550-310-G005   5 g 75.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C21H24F3N3S . 2HCl
MW: 407.5 . 73.0
CAS NUMBER: 440-17-5
MERCK INDEX: 14: 9680
RTECS: SP1750000
PURITY: ≥99%
APPEARANCE: White to off-white powder.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in water (50mg/ml).
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: -20°C
HANDLING: Protect from light and moisture.
HAZARD: HARMFUL.

Product Description
Calmodulin inhibitor. Antipsychotic and sedative dopamine antagonist. Potent and irreversible inhibitor of cAMP-gated cationic channels. Inhibits DNA repair. Potent neurotoxin.
Product Specific Literature References
New drug evaluations amiloride (Midamor, Merck, Sharp and Dohme): H.L. Macfie, et al.; Drug Intel. Clin. Pharm. 15, 94 (1981) Abstract
Trifluoperazine binding to porcine brain calmodulin and skeletal muscle troponin C: J. Massom, et al.; Biochemistry 29, 671 (1990) Abstract
Inhibition of olfactory cyclic nucleotide-activated current by calmodulin antagonists: S.J. Kleene; Br. J. Pharmacol. 111, 469 (1994) Abstract
Trifluoperazine-induced conformational change in Ca(2+)-calmodulin: M. Vandonselaar, et al.; Nat. Struct. Biol. 1, 795 (1994) Abstract
Inhibition of Nav1.7 and Nav1.4 sodium channels by trifluoperazine involves the local anesthetic receptor: P.L. Sheets, et al.; J. Neurophysiol. 96, 1848 (2006) Abstract
Trifluoperazine protects brain plasma membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase from oxidative damaging: P. Souza dos Santos, et al.; Exp. Brain Res. 177, 347 (2007) Abstract
The antipsychotic drug trifluoperazine inhibits DNA repair and sensitizes non small cell lung carcinoma cells to DNA double-strand break induced cell death: A.G. Polischouk, et al.; Mol. Cancer Ther. 6, 2303 (2007) Abstract
Trifluoperazine stimulates ionizing radiation induced cell killing through inhibition of DNA repair: S. Gangopadhyay, et al.; Mutat. Res. 633, 117 (2007) Abstract
Further Categories Containing This Product:
DNA Replication Inhibitors • Apoptosis Inducers & Inhibitors Other Products • Neurotoxins • Dopaminergics & Dopamine Receptors/Related Products • MAPK Pathway Activators
 
 
ALX-550-182 Revised 25-Mar-08
(+)-Tubocurarine . dichloride
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SYNONYMS 7',12'-Dihydroxy-6,6'-dimethoxy-2,2',2'-trimethyltubocuraranium chloride . HCl
PRODUCT LINE Natural Products / Antibiotics
PRODUCT CATEGORY Neurotoxins
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ALX-550-182-M050   50 mg 25.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C37H42Cl2N2O6
MW: 681.7
CAS NUMBER: 57-94-3
MERCK INDEX: 14: 9807
RTECS: YO4900000
PURITY: ≥99%
APPEARANCE: White to off-white solid.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in water or 100% ethanol.
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: +4°C
HAZARD: TOXIC.

Product Description
Induces neuromuscular block through interaction with acetylcholine receptor.
Product Specific Literature References
Curare Alkaloids from Chondodendron tomentosum Ruiz and Pavon: J. D. Dutcher; JACS 68, 419 (1946)
Neuromuscular block: W.C. Bowman; Br J Pharmacol 147 Suppl 1, S277 (2006)
: W.C. Bowman; Br. J. Pharmacol. 147, S277 (2006), (Review) Abstract
Further Categories Containing This Product:
Alkaloids
 
 
ALX-550-307 Revised 25-Mar-08
Veratridine
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SYNONYMS 3-Veratroylveracevine
PRODUCT LINE Signal Transduction
PRODUCT CATEGORY Na+ Channels
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ALX-550-307-M005   5 mg 80.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-550-307-M025   25 mg 320.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C36H51NO11
MW: 673.8
CAS NUMBER: 71-62-5
MERCK INDEX: 14: 9954
RTECS: YX5600000
PURITY: ≥98%
APPEARANCE: White to off-white solid.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in 100% ethanol or DMSO (25mg/ml).
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: -20°C
HAZARD: VERY TOXIC.

Product Description
Activates Na+ channels. Increases intracellular Ca2+ levels without affecting Na+-Ca2+ exchange. Acts at neurotoxin receptor site 2 and preferentially binds to activated Na+ channels causing persistent activation. Induces cell death in bovine chromaffin cells.
Product Specific Literature References
Comparative pharmacology of voltage-dependent sodium channels: W.B. Stallcup; Brain Res. 135, 37 (1977) Abstract
Purification, solubility, and pKa of veratridine: L.C. McKinney, et al.; Anal. Biochem. 153, 33 (1986) Abstract
The interaction between the activator agents batrachotoxin and veratridine and the gating processes of neuronal sodium channels: T.A. Rando, et al.; Mol. Pharmacol. 29, 467 (1986) Abstract
Rapid and slow gating of veratridine-modified sodium channels in frog myelinated nerve: T.A. Rando; J. Gen. Physiol. 93, 43 (1989) Abstract
Effects of Ca2+ channel antagonists on chromaffin cell death and cytosolic Ca2+ oscillations induced by veratridine: R. Maroto, et al.; Eur. J. Pharmacol. 270, 331 (1994) Abstract
Veratridine triggers exocytosis in Paramecium cells by activating somatic Ca channels: H. Plattner, et al.; J. Membr. Biol. 142, 229 (1994) Abstract
Veratridine induces apoptotic death in bovine chromaffin cells through superoxide production: J. Jordan, et al.; Br. J. Pharmacol 130, 1496 (2000) Abstract
Alteration of veratridine neurotoxicity in sympathetic neurons during development in vitro: T. Koike and T. Ninomiya; Neuroreport 11, 151 (2000) Abstract
Excessive release of [3H] noradrenaline by veratridine and ischemia in spinal cord: Y. Sumiya, et al.; Neurochem. Int. 39, 59 (2001) Abstract
Effects of veratrine and veratridine on oxygen consumption and electrical membrane potential of isolated rat skeletal muscle and liver mitochondria: E.M. Silva Freitas, et al.; Toxicon. 47, 780 (2006) Abstract
Further Categories Containing This Product:
Ca2+ Modulators • Apoptosis Inducers & Inhibitors Other Products • Neurotoxins • Alkaloids
 
 
ALX-380-056 Revised 10-May-07
Verruculogen
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PRODUCT LINE Natural Products / Antibiotics
PRODUCT CATEGORY Antibiotics for Cell Cycle Research
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ALX-380-056-M001   1 mg 60.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-380-056-M005   5 mg 225.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C27H33N3O7
MW: 511.2
CAS NUMBER: 12771-72-1
RTECS: JH4920000
SOURCE/HOST: Isolated from Penicillium verruculosum.
PURITY: ≥96%
APPEARANCE: White to off-white powder.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in ethyl acetate, DMSO, 100% ethanol or methanol.
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: +4°C
HAZARD: VERY TOXIC.

Product Description
Neurotoxin that acts as an inhibitor of the M phase of the mammalian cell cycle. Inhibits Ca2+-activated K+ channels. Decreases GABA levels in CNS.
Product Specific Literature References
Tremorgenic indole alkaloids potently inhibit smooth muscle high- conductance calcium-activated potassium channels: H.H. Knaus, et al.; Biochemistry 33, 5819 (1994) Abstract
Novel mammalian cell cycle inhibitors, tryprostatins A, B and other diketopiperazines produced by Aspergillus fumigatus. II. Physico- chemical properties and structures: C.B. Cui, et al.; J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 49, 534 (1996) Abstract
Verruculogen production in airborne and clinical isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus Fres.: I. Kosalec, et al.; Acta Pharm. 55, 357 (2005) Abstract
Further Categories Containing This Product:
Cell Cycle Blockers & Inhibitors/Related Products • Neurotoxins • Alkaloids • K+ Channel Blockers & Inhibitors
 
 
ALX-630-105 Revised 07-Feb-08
Zearalenone
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SYNONYMS Benzoxacyclotetradecin-1,7(8H)-dione
PRODUCT LINE Natural Products / Antibiotics
PRODUCT CATEGORY Mycotoxins
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ALX-630-105-M010   10 mg 50.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-630-105-M050   50 mg 210.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C18H22O5
MW: 318.4
CAS NUMBER: 17924-92-4
MERCK INDEX: 14: 10116
RTECS: DM2550000
SOURCE/HOST: Isolated from Fusarium graminearum.
PURITY: ≥99%
APPEARANCE: White to off-white powder.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in methanol.
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: +4°C
HAZARD: TOXIC.

Product Description

Estrogenic mycotoxin in animals and a phytohormone in plants. Inducer of sister chromatid exchange and chromosomal aberration. Acts as a protonophoric uncoupler in plant mitochondria.
Product Specific Literature References
The structure of zearalenone: W. H. Urry, et al.; THL 27, 3109 (1966)
Trace mycotoxin analysis in complex biological and food matrices by liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure ionisation mass spectrometry: P. Zollner & B. Mayer-Helm; J. Chromatogr. A 1136, 123 (2006), Review Abstract
Review on the toxicity, occurrence, metabolism, detoxification, regulations and intake of zearalenone: an oestrogenic mycotoxin: A. Zinedine, et al.; Food Chem. Toxicol. 45, 1 (2007), Review Abstract
Further Categories Containing This Product:
Plant Research Reagents/Related Products
 
 
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