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MAPK Pathway Activators
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ALX-270-022 Revised 09-Jan-08
AEBSF . hydrochloride
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SYNONYMS 4-(2-Aminoethyl)benzenesulfonylfluoride . HCl
Pefabloc®SC
PRODUCT LINE Signal Transduction
PRODUCT CATEGORY Proteases Other Products
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Product Numbers: Format: Size: Unit Price: Quantity: Add To Cart
ALX-270-022-M050   50 mg 40.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-270-022-M250   250 mg 145.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-270-022-G001   1 g 360.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C8H10FNO2S . HCl
MW: 203.2 . 36.5
CAS NUMBER: 30827-99-7
PURITY: ≥98% (HPLC)
APPEARANCE: White to off-white powder.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in water or 100% ethanol.
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: +4°C
HANDLING: Protect from moisture.

Product Description
Specific irreversible inhibitor of serine proteases including trypsin, chymotrypsin, plasmin, plasma kallikrein, and thrombin. Stable, non-toxic alternative to PMSF (Prod. No. ALX-270-184). Inhibitor of NAD(P)H oxidase. Activator of MAP kinases JNK and p38.
Product Specific Literature References
Irreversible enzyme inhibitors. 180. Irreversible inhibitors of the C'la component of complement derived from m-(phenoxypropoxy)benzamidine and phenoxyacetamide: B.R. Baker & H.J. Cory; J. Med. Chem. 14, 119 (1971) Abstract
Serine protease inhibitors block priming of monocytes for enhanced release of superoxide: P. Megyeri, et al.; Immunology 86, 629 (1995) Abstract; Full Text
Inhibition of amyloid beta-protein production in neural cells by the serine protease inhibitor AEBSF: M. Citron, et al.; Neuron 17, 171 (1996) Abstract
Lysis of leukemic cells by human macrophages: inhibition by 4-(2-aminoethyl)-benzenesulfonyl fluoride (AEBSF), a serine protease inhibitor: Y. Nakabo & M.J. Pabst; J. Leukoc. Biol. 60, 328 (1996) Abstract; Full Text
Inhibition of NADPH oxidase activation by 4-(2-aminoethyl)-benzenesulfonyl fluoride and related compounds: V. Diatchuk, et al.; J. Biol. Chem. 272, 13292 (1997) Abstract; Full Text
4-(2-Aminoethyl)benzenesulfonyl fluoride attenuates tumor-necrosis-factor-alpha-induced blood-brain barrier opening: P. Megyeri, et al.; Eur. J. Pharmacol. 374, 207 (1999) Abstract
Evaluation of two inhibitors of invasion: LY311727 [3-(3-acetamide-1-benzyl-2-ethyl-indolyl-5-oxy)propane phosphonic acid] and AEBSF [4-(2-aminoethyl)-benzenesulphonyl fluoride] in acute murine toxoplasmosis: R. Buitrago-Rey, et al.; J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 49, 871 (2002) Abstract; Full Text
Heme oxygenase-1 gene activation by the NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor 4-(2-aminoethyl) benzenesulfonyl fluoride via a protein kinase B, p38-dependent signaling pathway in monocytes: N. Wijayanti, et al.; J. Biol. Chem. 280, 21820 (2005) Abstract; Full Text
Inhibitory effect of 4-(2-aminoethyl)-benzenesulfonyl fluoride, a serine protease inhibitor, on PI3K inhibitor-induced CHOP expression: T. Hosoi, et al.; Eur. J. Pharmacol. 554, 8 (2007) Abstract
Further Categories Containing This Product:
Heme Oxygenase / Related Products • Cell Stress, Oxidative Stress & Redox Signalling Other Products • MAPK Pathway Activators • Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase [FAAH] / Related Products
 
 
ALX-340-029 Revised 08-Jul-08
Anandamide
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SYNONYMS AEA
N-Arachidonoylethanolamine
(all-Z)-N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenamide
PRODUCT LINE Neurobiology
PRODUCT CATEGORY Anandamide & Anandamide Analogs
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ALX-340-029-M005   5 mg 51.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C22H37NO2
MW: 347.5
CAS NUMBER: 94421-68-8
MERCK INDEX: 14: 624
RTECS: JX3842500
CONCENTRATION: 50mg/ml 
PURITY: ≥98%
FORMULATION: Liquid. Solution in ethanol.
SOLUBILITY: 10mg/ml soluble in DMSO or dimethyl formamide.
SHIPPING: SHIPPED ON BLUE ICE
LONG TERM STORAGE: -20°C
USE/STABILITY: Stable for at least 1 year after receipt when stored at -20°C. Stable for at least 6 months in other organic solvents when stored at -20°C.
HANDLING: Protect from light and oxygen.

Product Description
Endogenous [1] ligand for the CB1 receptor (CB1: Ki=52nm; CB2: Ki=1930nm [2]) and TRPV1 (Ki=5.78µM [3,4]). Inhibits NF-κB activation through direct binding to IKKβ [5] and induces apoptosis independently of cannabinoid or vanilloid receptors [6]. Activates the MAP kinase (MAPK/ERK) signalling pathway [7].
Product Specific Literature References
[1] Isolation and structure of a brain constituent that binds to the cannabinoid receptor: W.A. Devane, et al.; Science 258, 1946 (1992) Abstract
[2] Novel analogues of arachidonylethanolamide (anandamide): affinities for the CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors and metabolic stability: S. Lin, et al.; J. Med. Chem. 41, 5353 (1998) Abstract
[3] Vanilloid receptors on sensory nerves mediate the vasodilator action of anandamide: P.M. Zygmunt, et al.; Nature 400, 452 (1999) Abstract
[4] Structure-activity relationship for the endogenous cannabinoid, anandamide, and certain of its analogues at vanilloid receptors in transfected cells and vas deferens: R.A. Ross, et al.; Br. J. Pharmacol. 132, 631 (2001) Abstract
[5] Anandamide inhibits nuclear factor-kappaB activation through a cannabinoid receptor-independent pathway: R. Sancho, et al.; Mol. Pharmacol. 63, 429 (2003) Abstract
[6] Anandamide induces cell death independently of cannabinoid receptors or vanilloid receptor 1: possible involvement of lipid rafts: K.P. Sarker, et al.; Cell Mol. Life Sci. 60, 1200 (2003) Abstract
[7] The MAP kinase signal transduction pathway is activated by the endogenous cannabinoid anandamide: M. Wartmann, et al.; FEBS Lett. 359, 133 (1995) Abstract
Biochemistry and pharmacology of arachidonylethanolamide, a putative endogenous cannabinoid: C.J. Hillard & W.B. Campbell; J. Lipid Res. 38, 2383 (1997), (Review) Abstract
The endogenous cannabinoid anandamide inhibits human breast cancer cell proliferation: L. De Petrocellis, et al.; PNAS 95, 8375 (1998) Abstract
Cannabinoid receptors and their endogenous agonist, anandamide: J. Axelrod & C.C. Felder; Neurochem. Res. 23, 575 (1998), (Review) Abstract
Endocannabinoids: endogenous cannabinoid receptor ligands with neuromodulatory action: V. Di Marzo, et al.; TINS 21, 521 (1998), (Review) Abstract
Endocannabinoids: a new class of vasoactive substances: M.D. Randall & D.A. Kendall; TIPS 19, 55 (1998), (Review) Abstract
Metabolism of anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol: an historical overview and some recent developments: V. Di Marzo, et al.; Lipids 34, S319 (1999), (Review) Abstract
Anandamide: a candidate neurotransmitter heads for the big leagues: D.W. Self; Nat. Neurosci. 2, 303 (1999), (Review) Abstract
New perspectives on enigmatic vanilloid receptors: A. Szallasi & V. Di Marzo; TINS 23, 491 (2000), (Review) Abstract
Anandamide: some like it hot: V. Di Marzo, et al.; TIPS 22, 346 (2001), (Review) Abstract
Anandamide is an endogenous inhibitor for the migration of tumor cells and T lymphocytes: J. Joseph, et al.; Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 53, 723 (2004) Abstract
Anandamide-induced cell death in primary neuronal cultures: role of calpain and caspase pathways: V.A. Movsesyan, et al.; Cell Death Differ. 11, 1121 (2004) Abstract
Arachidonylethanolamide induces apoptosis of human glioma cells through vanilloid receptor-1: E. Contassot, et al.; J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 63, 956 (2004) Abstract
Preferred conformations of endogenous cannabinoid ligand anandamide: J.Z. Chen, et al.; Life Sci. 76, 2053 (2005) Abstract
The cardiovascular actions of anandamide: more targets?: M.D. Randall; Br. J. Pharmacol. 145, 565 (2005) Abstract; Full Text
Accumulation of anandamide: Evidence for cellular diversity: C.J. Hillard and A. Jarrahian; Neuropharmacology 48, 1072 (2005) Abstract
Anandamide as an intracellular messenger regulating ion channel activity: M. van der Stelt and V. Di Marzo; Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 77, 111 (2005) Abstract
Anandamide reduces infarct size in rat isolated hearts subjected to ischaemia-reperfusion by a novel cannabinoid mechanism: N.J. Underdown, et al.; Br. J. Pharmacol. 146, 809 (2005) Abstract
Anandamide inhibits adhesion and migration of breast cancer cells: C. Grimaldi, et al.; Exp. Cell Res. 312, 363 (2006) Abstract
General Information
BACKGROUND/TECHNICAL INFORMATION To change the solvent, evaporate the ethanol under a gentle stream of nitrogen and immediately add the solvent of choice.
Further Categories Containing This Product:
Endocannabinoids • MAPK Pathway Activators • Apoptosis Inducers & Inhibitors Other Products • Endovanilloids • NF-kB Pathway Inhibitors
 
 
ALX-380-051 Revised 20-Jun-08
Anisomycin
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SYNONYMS 2-(p-Methoxybenzyl)-3,4-pyrrolidinediol-3-acetate
PRODUCT LINE Natural Products / Antibiotics
PRODUCT CATEGORY Antibiotics - Other Signal Transduction Pathway Modulators
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Product Numbers: Format: Size: Unit Price: Quantity: Add To Cart
ALX-380-051-M010   10 mg 35.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-380-051-M050   50 mg 140.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-380-051-M100   100 mg 250.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C14H19NO4
MW: 265.3
CAS NUMBER: 22862-76-6
MERCK INDEX: 14: 670
RTECS: BZ9800000
SOURCE/HOST: Isolated from Streptomyces griseolus.
PURITY: ≥98% (HPLC)
APPEARANCE: White crystalline solid.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in DMSO (25mg/ml), 100% ethanol, methanol or ethyl acetate (10mg/ml).
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: -20°C
HAZARD: TOXIC.

Product Description
Antibiotic. Activator of p38 and MAP kinases. Synergistic with growth factors and phorbol esters to superinduce cFos and cJun, by acting as a potent signalling agonist. Induces apoptosis in the human monoblastoid cell line. Used in the eradication of bean mildew. Inhibits other pathogenic fungi in plants.
Product Specific Literature References
Anisomycin, a new anti-protozoan antibiotic: B. A. Sobin & F. W. Tanner; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 76, 4053 (1954)
DNA fragmentation and cytolysis in U937 cells treated with diphtheria toxin or other inhibitors of protein synthesis: S.K. Kochi & R.J. Collier; Exp. Cell. Res. 208, 296 (1993) Abstract
The stress-activated protein kinase subfamily of c-Jun kinases: J.M. Kyriakis, et al.; Nature 369, 156 (1994) Abstract
Role of SAPK/ERK kinase-1 in the stress-activated pathway regulating transcription factor c-Jun: I. Sanchez, et al.; Nature 372, 794 (1994) Abstract
Anisomycin and rapamycin define an area upstream of p70/85S6k containing a bifurcation to histone H3-HMG-like protein phosphorylation and c-fos-c-jun induction: E. Kardalinou, et al.; Mol. Cell. Biol. 14, 1066 (1994) Abstract
Protein synthesis inhibitor phase shifts vasopressin rhythms in long- term suprachiasmatic cultures: K. Shinohara & T. Oka; NeuroReport 5, 2201 (1994) Abstract
Anisomycin selectively desensitizes signalling components involved in stress kinase activation and fos and jun induction: C.A. Hazzalin, et al.; Mol Cell Biol 18, 1844 (1998) Abstract
Anisomycin treatment paradigm affects duration of long-term potentiation in slices of the amygdala: P. Okulski, et al.; Neuroscience 114, 1 (2002) Abstract
Downregulation of Ski and SnoN co-repressors by anisomycin: A. Vazquez-Macias, et al.; FEBS Lett. 579, 3701 (2005) Abstract
Anisomycin and the reconsolidation hypothesis: J.W. Rudy, et al.; Learn. Mem. 13, 1 (2006), Review Abstract
A chemical screen identifies anisomycin as an anoikis sensitizer that functions by decreasing FLIP protein synthesis: I.A. Mawji, et al.; Cancer Res. 67, 8307 (2007) Abstract
Anisomycin abrogates repression of protooncogene c-fos transcription in E1A + cHa-ras-transformed cells through activation of MEK/ERK kinase cascade: A. N. Kukushkin, et al.; J. Cell. Biochem. 103, 1005 (2008) Abstract
Further Categories Containing This Product:
MAPK Pathway Activators • Antibiotics - Apoptosis Inducers & Inhibitors • JNK [SAPK1] / Related Products
 
 
ALX-340-063 Revised 19-Apr-07
N-Arachidonoyl-L-serine
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SYNONYMS N-[(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-1-Oxo-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenyl)]-L-serine
ARA-S
PRODUCT LINE Neurobiology
PRODUCT CATEGORY Endocannabinoids
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ALX-340-063-M010   10 mg 90.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C23H37NO4
MW: 391.5
CAS NUMBER: 187224-29-9
PURITY: ≥98%
APPEARANCE: Waxy solid.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in DMSO or dimethyl formamide; sparingly soluble in water.
SHIPPING: SHIPPED ON DRY ICE
LONG TERM STORAGE: -80°C

Product Description
Endocannabinoid-like brain constituent with similar biological profile like abnormal cannabidiol. Binds weakly to CB1 and CB2 receptors and TRPV1. Produces endothelium-dependent vasodilation. Increases phosphorylation of Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in HUVEC.
Product Specific Literature References
N-arachidonoyl L-serine, an endocannabinoid-like brain constituent with vasodilatory properties: G. Milman, et al.; PNAS 103, 2428 (2006) Abstract; Full Text
Further Categories Containing This Product:
MAPK Pathway Activators • Endovanilloids • PI(3)K-Akt-mTOR Pathway Other Products
 
 
ALX-350-366 Revised 03-Apr-08
Azaspiracid-1
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SYNONYMS AZA-1
PRODUCT LINE Natural Products / Antibiotics
PRODUCT CATEGORY Other Toxins
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ALX-350-366-C001   1 µg 180.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C47H71NO12
MW: 842.1
CAS NUMBER: 214899-21-5
SOURCE/HOST: Islolated from marine mussel.
CONCENTRATION:

2μg/ml
PURITY: ≥95%
FORMULATION: Liquid. In methanol.
SHIPPING: SHIPPED ON BLUE ICE
LONG TERM STORAGE: -20°C
HAZARD: VERY TOXIC. MAY BE TERATOGENIC.

Product Description
Activator of JNK (c-Jun-N-terminal kinase). Cellular growth inhibitor and inducer of cytoskeletal alterations. Activator of caspases. Modulator of intracellular cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) and calcium levels. Inhibitor of cholesterol biosynthesis in human T lymphocyte cells. Potent teratogen to finfish. Cytotoxic to mammalian cells.
Product Specific Literature References
Multiple organ damage caused by a new toxin azaspiracid, isolated from mussels produced in Ireland: E. Ito, et al.; Toxicon 38, 917 (2000) Abstract
Azaspiracid-1, a potent, nonapoptotic new phycotoxin with several cell targets: Y. Roman, et al.; Cell. Signal. 14, 703 (2002) Abstract
Teratogenic effects of azaspiracid-1 identified by microinjection of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) embryos: J.R. Coleman, et al.; Toxicon 45, 881 (2005) Abstract
Cytotoxic and cytoskeletal effects of azaspiracid-1 on mammalian cell lines: M.J. Twiner, et al.; Toxicon 45, 891 (2005) Abstract
Azaspiracids modulate intracellular pH levels in human lymphocytes: A. Alfonso, et al.; BBRC 346, 1091 (2006) Abstract
Cell growth inhibition and actin cytoskeleton disorganization induced by azaspiracid-1 structure-activity studies: N. Vilarino, et al.; Chem. Res. Toxicol. 19, 1459 (2006) Abstract
The c-Jun-N-terminal kinase is involved in the neurotoxic effect of azaspiracid-1: C. Vale, et al.; Cell Physiol. Biochem. 20, 957 (2007) Abstract
Effects of azaspiracid-1, a potent cytotoxic agent, on primary neuronal cultures. A structure-activity relationship study: C. Vale, et al.; J. Med. Chem. 50, 356 (2007) Abstract
Irreversible cytoskeletal disarrangement is independent of caspase activation during in vitro azaspiracid toxicity in human neuroblastoma cells: N. Vilarino, et al.; Biochem. Pharmacol. 74, 327 (2007) Abstract
Transcriptional profiling and inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis in human T lymphocyte cells by the marine toxin azaspiracid: M.J. Twiner, et al.; Genomics 91, 289 (2008) Abstract
Further Categories Containing This Product:
MAPK Pathway Activators • Natural Products for Cytoskeletal Research • Natural Products - Other Signal Transduction Pathway Modulators • Caspases Other Products • cAMP Pathways Other Products • Marine Natural Products
 
 
ALX-270-061 Revised 30-Oct-08
t-Butylhydroquinone
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SYNONYMS tBHQ
PRODUCT LINE Signal Transduction
PRODUCT CATEGORY Ca2+-ATPase / Related Products
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ALX-270-061-G010   10 g 30.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C10H14O2
MW: 166.2
CAS NUMBER: 1948-33-0
PURITY: ≥97%
APPEARANCE: White to off-white solid.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in DMSO or methanol.
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: +20°C
IDENTITY: Identity determined by IR.

Product Description
Inhibitor of the endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase. Activates extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 2 (ERK2).
Product Specific Literature References
Butylated hydroxyanisole and its metabolite tert-butylhydroquinone differentially regulate mitogen-activated protein kinases. The role of oxidative stress in the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases by phenolic antioxidants: R. Yu, et al.; J. Biol. Chem. 272, 28962 (1997) Abstract; Full Text
Further Categories Containing This Product:
MAPK Pathway Activators
 
 
ALX-350-353 Revised 16-Jun-08
Chlorogenic acid
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SYNONYMS 1,3,4,5-Tetrahydroxycyclohexanecarboxylic acid 3-(3,4-dihydroxycinnamate)
3-O-Caffeoylquinic acid
Heriguard
NSC 407296
PRODUCT LINE Natural Products / Antibiotics
PRODUCT CATEGORY Antibiotics - Chemopreventive Agents
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Product Numbers: Format: Size: Unit Price: Quantity: Add To Cart
ALX-350-353-M500   500 mg 35.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-350-353-G001   1 g 65.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C16H18O9
MW: 354.3
CAS NUMBER: 327-97-9
MERCK INDEX: 14: 2142
RTECS: GU8480000
SOURCE/HOST: Isolated from the leaves and fruits of dicotyledonous plants (e.g. coffee beans).
PURITY: ≥95%
APPEARANCE: White to off-white solid.
SOLUBILITY: 25mg/ml soluble in 100% ethanol, DMSO, dimethyl formamide or PBS (pH 7.2).
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: -20°C
USE/STABILITY: We do not recommend storing the aqueous solution for more than one day.

Product Description
Analog of caffeic acid (Prod. No. ALX-270-231). Shows antioxidant, analgesic, antipyretic and chemopreventive activity. Inhibits Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase and triggers MAP kinases p38-dependent apoptosis. Inhibitor of the tumor promoting activity of phorbol esters.
Product Specific Literature References
[Chlorogenic acid in coffee beans and their change during the roasting process. Report 1. Qualitative studies]: R. Krasemann; Arch. Pharm. 293, 721 (1960) Abstract
Studies on the activities of tannins and related compounds, X. Effects of caffeetannins and related compounds on arachidonate metabolism in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes: Y. Kimura, et al.; J. Nat. Prod. 50, 392 (1987) Abstract
Inhibitory effect of curcumin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and ferulic acid on tumor promotion in mouse skin by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate: M.T. Huang, et al.; Cancer Res. 48, 5941 (1988) Abstract; Full Text
Inhibitory effect of curcumin and some related dietary compounds on tumor promotion and arachidonic acid metabolism in mouse skin: A.H. Conney, et al.; Adv. Enzyme Regul. 31, 385 (1991) Abstract
Chlorogenic acid inhibits Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase and triggers p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent apoptosis in chronic myelogenous leukemic cells: G. Bandyopadhyay, et al.; Blood 104, 2514 (2004) Abstract; Full Text
Inhibition of activator protein-1, NF-kappaB, and MAPKs and induction of phase 2 detoxifying enzyme activity by chlorogenic acid: R. Feng, et al.; J. Biol. Chem. 280, 27888 (2005) Abstract; Full Text
The chemopreventive properties of chlorogenic acid reveal a potential new role for the microsomal glucose-6-phosphate translocase in brain tumor progression: A. Belkaid, et al.; Cancer Cell Int. 6, 7 (2006) Abstract; Full Text
Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities of the natural polyphenol chlorogenic acid: M.D. dos Santos, et al.; Biol. Pharm. Bull. 29, 2236 (2006) Abstract; Full Text
Inhibition of DNA methylation by caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid, two common catechol-containing coffee polyphenols: W.J. Lee & B.T. Zhu; Carcinogenesis 27, 269 (2006) Abstract; Full Text
Related Products
Further Categories Containing This Product:
Active Substances from Fruit and Vegetables • MAPK Pathway Activators • Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors • Natural Products - Protein Kinase Inhibitors • Natural Products - Antioxidants • Natural Products for Neurological Research • Natural Products - Apoptosis Inducers & Inhibitors • Analgesic / Anti-nociceptive Agents / Related Products • Phenolic Acids
 
 
ALX-303-003 Revised 29-Jan-05
D-erythro-Sphingosine, N-Hexanoyl-
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SYNONYMS N-Hexanoyl-D-erythro-sphingosine
C6-Ceramide
PRODUCT LINE Neurobiology
PRODUCT CATEGORY Ceramides / Cerebrosides / Sphingolipids / Related Products
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ALX-303-003-M001   1 mg 38.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-303-003-M005   5 mg 70.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C24H47NO3
MW: 397.6
CAS NUMBER: 124753-97-5
SOURCE/HOST: Synthetic.
PURITY: ≥98%
APPEARANCE: White powder.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in DMSO.
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: -20°C

Product Description
Cell permeable, biologically active, nonphysical ceramide analog. Activates protein phosphatase 2A and MAP kinase (MAPK/ERK). Induces an arrest at the G0/G1 transition of the cell cycle. Inhibits diacylglycerol accumulation and phospholipase D activation in fibroblasts. Induces apoptosis.