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Oxidative Stress
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ALX-620-075 Revised 24-Jan-08
APF
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SYNONYMS Aminophenyl fluorescein
2-[6-(4'-Amino)phenoxy-3H-xanthen-3-on-9-yl]benzoic acid
PRODUCT LINE Oxidative Stress
PRODUCT CATEGORY Oxidative Stress Markers & Reagents/Related Products
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ALX-620-075-M001   1 mg 430.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C26H17NO5
MW: 423.4
CAS NUMBER: 359010-70-1
CONCENTRATION: ~5mM
PURITY: ≥98% (HPLC)
FORMULATION: Liquid. In 0.47ml dimethyl formamide.
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: +4°C
USE/STABILITY: Prepare 500-5’000-fold dilution (~10-1µM) in phosphate buffer (0.1M phosphate, pH 7.4) immediately before use. BSA, phenol red and amines may affect the fluorescence and must be used with caution. Do not store the dilutions.
HANDLING: Keep under inert gas. Protect from light. After opening, prepare aliquots and store at +4°C.
HAZARD: HARMFUL.

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Product Description
Fluorescent reagent (Ex(max): 490nm; Em(max): 515nm) for the detection of highly reactive oxygen species (hROS). Immediately reacts with hROS such as hydroxyl radical, peroxynitrite and hypochlorite, and the fluorescence intensity greatly increases. Use of APF together with HPF (Prod. No. ALX-620-074) also allows for specific detection of hypochlorite  (-OCl) to elucidate reliable the roles of -OCl in biological systems such as neutrophils. In addition, peroxynitrite can be detected in distinction from nitric oxide and superoxide since APF does not react with nitric oxide, superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. Moreover, APF is resistant to light-induced autooxidation. Not for sale in Japan.
Product Specific Literature References
Development of novel fluorescence probes that can reliably detect reactive oxygen species and distinguish specific species: K. Setsukinai, et al.; J. Biol. Chem. 278, 3170 (2003) Abstract
General Information
BACKGROUND/TECHNICAL INFORMATION Precautions for use:
1. Prepare the diluted solution just before use and use it up.
2. The dilution buffer should be adjusted to pH 7.0-7.5. Please note that bovine serum albumin (BSA) and phenol red might interfere with the fluorescence measurement.

Light-induced autoxidation (Figure 3)
After adding HPF or DCFH-DA (10µM), the cells were incubated for 30 min at 37°C in the dark. The fluorescence images were obtained with a confocal fluorescent microscope (excitation wavelength: 488nm, fluorescence emission wavelength: using a 515nm barrier filter). The cells were laser-irradiated again at 488nm for 10 sec and fluorescence images were obtained again (see Figure 3).

Fluorescence images of HPF- or APF-loaded neutrophils (Figure 4)
Neutrophils were obtained from porcine blood and suspended in Krebs-Ringer phosphate buffer (114mM NaCI, 4.6mM KCI, 2.4mM MgSO4, 1.0mM CaCI2, 15mM NaH2PO4/Na2HPO4, pH 7.4) and kept on ice until use. Then they were seeded onto a glass-bottomed dish. The cells were loaded with HPF or APF (10µM) by incubation for 30min at room temperature and then stimulated with PMA (including 2ng/ml; 0.1% DMF as a cosolvent). Fluorescence images were obtained with a confocal fluorescent microscope before and 10 min after the stimulation with PMA (excitation wavelength: 488nm, fluorescence emission wavelength: 505-550nm; using a 505-550nm barrier filter).

Detection of hROS in the HRP/H2O2 system using HPF and APF (Figure 5)
Reaction timecourse
Fluorescence probe reagents (final 10µM; 0.1% DMF as a cosolvent) were added to sodium phosphate buffer (0.1M; pH 7.4) containing HRP (0.2µM). H2O2 (final 1µM) was added at the time indicated by the arrow. The fluorescence intensities were measured at excitation wavelength of 490nm and fluorescence emission wavelength of 515nm. Relation between the amount of added H2O2 and fluorescence increase in the HRP/H2O2 system.

Relation between the amount of added H2O2 and fluorescence increase in the HRP/H2O2 system
Fluorescence probe reagents (final 10µM; 0.1% DMF as a cosolvent) were added to sodium phosphate buffer (0.1M; pH 7.4) containing HRP (0.2µM). The fluorescence intensities were measured at excitation wavelength of 490nm and fluorescence emission wavelength of 515nm.
MANUFACTURER Manufactured by Daiichi Pure Chemicals Co. Ltd., Japan.
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Further Categories Containing This Product:
Peroxynitrite/Scavengers/Detection • Dyes/Stains/Fluorescent Probes/Fluorescent Labels
 
 
ALX-620-076 Revised 22-Apr-08
ZnAF-2 DA
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SYNONYMS 6-[N-[N',N'-bis(2-Pyridinylmethyl)-2-aminoethyl]amino-3',6'-bis(acetyloxy)-spiro[isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-[9H]xanthen]-3-one
PRODUCT LINE Oxidative Stress
PRODUCT CATEGORY Oxidative Stress Markers & Reagents/Related Products
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ALX-620-076-M001   1 mg 380.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C38H32N4O7
MW: 656.7
CAS NUMBER: 357339-96-9
CONCENTRATION: ~5mM
PURITY: ≥98% (HPLC)
FORMULATION: Liquid. In DMSO.
SHIPPING: SHIPPED ON BLUE ICE
LONG TERM STORAGE: -20°C
USE/STABILITY: Prepare 500-5’000-fold dilution (~10-1µM) in HEPES buffer (0.1M phosphate, pH 7.4) immediately before use. BSA, phenol red and amines may affect the fluorescence and must be used with caution. Do not store the dilutions.
HANDLING: Protect from light. After opening, prepare aliquots and store at -20°C. Keep under inert gas.

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Product Description
Cell permeable derivative of ZnAF-2 (Prod. No. ALX-620-072). Fluorescent reagent (Ex(max): 492nm; Em(max): 514nm) for the detection of low concentration of zinc ion due to its strong affinity to zinc ion (dissociation constant: 2.7nM). The sample zinc ion can be specifically detected. Low background fluorescense supersensitizes the visualization for in vivo sample zinc ion.
Product Specific Literature References
Highly Zinc-Selective Fluorescent Sensor Molecules Suitable for Biological Applications : T. Hirano, et al.; JACS 122, 12399 (2000) Full Text
Mossy fiber Zn2+ spillover modulates heterosynaptic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activity in hippocampal CA3 circuits: S. Ueno, et al.; J. Cell Biol. 158, 215 (2002) Abstract; Full Text
Improvement and biological applications of fluorescent probes for zinc, ZnAFs: T. Hirano, et al.; JACS 124, 6555 (2002) Abstract
General Information
Zinc (Zn) is the second most abundant transition metal in the body ant it is essential as catalytic, structural and regulatory ion. Zinc ions are involved in homeostasis, immune responses, oxidative stress, apoptosis and aging. Zinc has been proposed to function as a conventional neurotransmitter for the presynaptic neuron and as a transmembrane signal to traverse the postsynaptic neuron. Aberrant zinc metabolism is associated with many neurological diseases including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and epilepsy. The most suitable technique for in vivo monitoring of zinc has been proven to be fluroescent imaging.
BACKGROUND/TECHNICAL INFORMATION Biological Applications:
1) Zn2+ imaging with macrophage (RAW 264.7) (Figure 2)
Culture: 37°C, 5% CO2, 95% air, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium, 10% fetal bovine serum, 1% penicillin and streptomycin.
Washing: Washed twice with PBS.
Staining: Incubation with PBS containing 10µm ZnAF-2 DA at 37°C for 0.5 hours.
Measure: Measured using a fluorescence microscope.
Result: An increase of the fluorescence intensity was observed within intercellular region (1-3) as the concentration of zinc was increased by adding 5µM of pyrithione and 50µM of zinc sulfate into extracellular fluid at 5 min after start of measurement. Few changes appeared within extracellular region (4). After 20 min, the fluorescence intensity decreased as the concentration of zinc ion in cells was decreased by the addition of TPEN (Prod. No. ALX-450-011) to the extracellular fluid.

Imaging of rat hippocampal slides (Figure 3)
Preparation of slides: Whole brain including hippocampus was removed under Ringer's solution and cut into 300µm thick slides. The slides were put into Ringer's solution at 30°C for 30 min.
Staining: The slides were put into Ringer's solution containing 10µM ZnAF-2 DA and incubated at room temperature for 1.5 hours.
Washing: Slides were washed for 1.5 hours.
Measure: Slides were placed in the chamber which was set on a stage of the fluorescence microscope. Ringer's solution was perfused in the chamber at 2.5ml/min. The inside temperature of the chamber was 33-34°C. The Ringer's solution was consistently being bubbled with 5% CO2, 95% air.

Changes in the imaging fluorescence of the hippocampal slides stained with ZnAF-2 DA with time (Figure 4)
Changes in the fluorescence intensity (the starting intensity is 1 and the changes of the ratio are showed in artifical colors) as the ischemic stimulation, in which concentrations of glucose and oxygen in the perfusion liquid were decreased, was given. Intensification of the alternative fluorescence was showed in CA1 (1 and 2). It is believed that the intensification physiologically implied the involvement in the alternative death of nerve cells during cerebral ischemia (caused in CA1).
General Literature References
Fluorescent detection of zinc in biological systems: recent development on the design of chemosensors and biosensors : P. Jiang & Z. Guo; Coord. Chem. Rev. 248, 205 (2004) Full Text
Zinc: a multipurpose trace element: M. Stefanidou, et al.; Arch. Toxicol. 80, 1 (2006) Abstract
Sticky fingers: zinc-fingers as protein-recognition motifs: R. Gamsjaeger, et al.; TIBS 32, 63 (2007) Abstract
Mechanism and regulation of cellular zinc transport: I. Sekler, et al.; Mol. Med. 13, 337 (2007) Abstract; Full Text
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Further Categories Containing This Product:
Peroxynitrite/Scavengers/Detection • Dyes/Stains/Fluorescent Probes/Fluorescent Labels
 
 
ALX-270-097 Revised 07-Sep-06
Ebselen
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SYNONYMS 2-Phenyl-1,2-benzisoselenazol-3-(2H)-one
PRODUCT LINE Oxidative Stress
PRODUCT CATEGORY Peroxynitrite/Scavengers/Detection
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ALX-270-097-M001   1 mg 12.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-270-097-M005   5 mg 20.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-270-097-M025   25 mg 60.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C13H9NOSe
MW: 274.2
CAS NUMBER: 60940-34-3
PURITY: ≥98% (NMR)
APPEARANCE: White to off-white crystalline solid.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in DMSO.
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: -20°C
HANDLING: Protect from light.

Product Description
Selenium-based inhibitor of protein kinase C, NADPH, 5-lipoxygenase, cyclooxygenase (COX) and NADPH oxidase. Anti-inflammatory antioxidant. Mimics glutathione peroxidase. Inhibits oxidative modifications of low density lipoproteins (LDL).
Product Specific Literature References
A novel biologically active seleno-organic compound--III. Effects of PZ 51 (Ebselen) on glutathione peroxidase and secretory activities of mouse macrophages: M.J. Parnham & S. Kindt; Biochem. Pharmacol. 33, 3247 (1984) Abstract
Seleno-organic compounds and the therapy of hydroperoxide-linked pathological conditions: M.J. Parnham & E. Graf; Biochem. Pharmacol. 36, 3095 (1987) Abstract
Kinetic mechanism and substrate specificity of glutathione peroxidase activity of ebselen (PZ51): M. Maiorino, et al.; Biochem. Pharmacol. 37, 2267 (1988) Abstract
Studies on the anti-inflammatory activity of ebselen. Ebselen interferes with granulocyte oxidative burst by dual inhibition of NADPH oxidase and protein kinase C?: I.A. Cotgreave, et al.; Biochem. Pharmacol. 38, 649 (1989) Abstract
T. Nikawa, et al.; Biochem. Pharmacol. 47, 1007 (1994) Abstract
Effects of ebselen and probucol on oxidative modifications of lipid and protein of low density lipoprotein induced by free radicals: N. Noguchi, et al.; Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1213, 176 (1994) Abstract
Strong inhibition of mammalian lipoxygenases by the antiinflammatory seleno-organic compound ebselen in the absence of glutathione: C. Schewe, et al.; Biochem. Pharmacol. 48, 65 (1994) Abstract
Ebselen: a glutathione peroxidase mimic: H. Sies; Meth. Enzymol. 234, 476 (1994) Abstract
Molecular actions of ebselen-an antiinflammatory antioxidant: T. Schewe; Gen. Pharmacol. 26, 1153 (1995) Abstract
Ebselen: H. Sies; Meth. Enzymol. 252, 341 (1995) Abstract
Ebselen as a glutathione peroxidase mimic and as a scavenger of peroxynitrite: H. Sies & H. Masumoto; Adv. Pharmacol. 38, 229 (1997) Abstract
Free radical generation by selenium compounds and their prooxidant toxicity: J.E. Spallholz; Biomed. Environ. Sci. 10, 260 (1997) Abstract
Protection against peroxynitrite by selenoproteins: H. Sies, et al.; Z. Naturforsch. [C] 53, 228 (1998) Abstract
Ebselen protects mice against T cell-dependent, TNF-mediated apoptotic liver injury: G. Tiegs, et al.; J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 287, 1098 (1998) Abstract; Full Text
Further Categories Containing This Product:
PKC Inhibitors • Malaria/Related Products • Lipoxygenases/Related Products • COX Inhibitors • Antioxidants, Flavonoids & Free Radical Scavengers Other Products • Anti-inflammatory Agents Other Products
 
 
ALX-270-252 Revised 03-Mar-05
MEG . sodium succinate
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SYNONYMS Mercaptoethylguanidine . sodium succinate
PRODUCT LINE Nitric Oxide Pathway
PRODUCT CATEGORY NOS Inhibitors (NOS Induction & Enzyme Activity)
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ALX-270-252-M010   10 mg 95.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C3H10N3S . C4H4O4Na
MW: 120.2 . 139.1
PURITY: ≥90%
APPEARANCE: White solid.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in water.
SHIPPING: SHIPPED ON BLUE ICE
LONG TERM STORAGE: -20°C
HANDLING: Keep under inert gas. Keep cool and dry. Protect from moisture.

Product Description
Inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS; NOS II). Peroxynitrite scavenger.
Product Specific Literature References
Spontaneous rearrangement of aminoalkylisothioureas into mercaptoalkylguanidines, a novel class of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors with selectivity towards the inducible isoform: G.J. Southan, et al.; Br. J. Pharmacol. 117, 619 (1996) Abstract
The inhibitory effects of mercaptoalkylguanidines on cyclo-oxygenase activity: B. Zingarelli, et al.; Br. J. Pharmacol. 120, 357 (1997) Abstract
Mercaptoethylguanidine and guanidine inhibitors of nitric-oxide synthase react with peroxynitrite and protect against peroxynitrite-induced oxidative damage: C. Szabó, et al.; J. Biol. Chem. 272, 9030 (1997) Abstract; Full Text
Antiinflammatory effects of mercaptoethylguanidine, a combined inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase and peroxynitrite scavenger, in carrageenan-induced models of inflammation: S. Cuzzocrea, et al.; Free Radic. Biol. Med. 24, 450 (1998) Abstract
Protective effects of MEG, a selective inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase, in ligature-induced periodontitis in the rat [published erratum appears in Br. J. Pharmacol. 123, 741 (1998)]: Z. Lohinai, et al.; Br. J. Pharmacol. 123, 353 (1998) Abstract
Mercaptoethylguanidine, a combined inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase and peroxynitrite scavenger, reduces trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colonic damage in rats: B. Zingarelli, et al.; J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 287, 1048 (1998) Abstract
Modulation of peroxynitrite- and hypochlorous acid-induced inactivation of alpha1-antiproteinase by mercaptoethylguanidine: M. Whiteman, et al.; Br. J. Pharmacol. 126, 1646 (1999) Abstract
Further Categories Containing This Product:
Peroxynitrite/Scavengers/Detection
 
 
ALX-400-036 Revised 31-Oct-06
Peroxynitrite . tetramethylammonium
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SYNONYMS ONOO- . C4H12N
Oxoperoxonitrate(1-) . C4H12N
PRODUCT LINE Oxidative Stress
PRODUCT CATEGORY Peroxynitrite/Scavengers/Detection
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ALX-400-036-L001   1 ml 152.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-400-036-5001   5x1 ml 475.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: NO3 . C4H12N
MW: 62.0 . 74.1
CAS NUMBER: 14042-01-4
CONCENTRATION: ~10mM
FORMULATION: Liquid. In 0.01M KOH.
SHIPPING: SHIPPED ON DRY ICE
LONG TERM STORAGE: -80°C
USE/STABILITY: Stable for at least 1 month after receipt when stored at -80°C.
HANDLING: Protect from light.
HAZARD: OXIDIZING. CORROSIVE.

Product Description
Produced from the reaction of nitrogen monoxide with tetramethylammonium superoxide according to the method of D.S. Bohle, et al. described in Meth. Enzymol. 269, 302 (1996), and dissolved in 0.01M potassium hydroxide (KOH). This formulation of peroxynitrite has a low nitrite content (~1%), no hydrogen peroxide.
Product Specific Literature References
DNA damage induced by peroxynitrite: subsequent biological effects: C. Szabo & H. Ohshima; Nitric Oxide 1, 373 (1997), (Review) Abstract
Peroxynitrite: a biologically significant oxidant: M.P. Murphy, et al.; Gen. Pharmacol. 31, 179 (1998), (Review) Abstract
Peroxynitrite: an endogenous oxidizing and nitrating agent: C. Ducrocq, et al.; Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 55, 1068 (1999), (Review) Abstract
The chemistry of DNA damage from nitric oxide and peroxynitrite: S. Burney, et al.; Mutat. Res. 424, 37 (1999), (Review) Abstract
Reactions of *NO, *NO2 and peroxynitrite in membranes: physiological implications: S.P. Goss, et al.; Free Radic. Res. 31, 597 (1999), (Review) Abstract
Peroxynitrite: reactive, invasive and enigmatic: J.T. Groves; Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 3, 226 (1999), (Review) Abstract
Nitric oxide and peroxynitrite. The ugly, the uglier and the not so good: a personal view of recent controversies: B. Halliwell, et al.; Free Radic. Res. 31, 651 (1999), (Review) Abstract
Assessment of peroxynitrite scavengers in vitro: B. Halliwell, et al.; Meth. Enzymol. 301, 333 (1999), (Review) Abstract
Chemistry of peroxynitrite and its relevance to biological systems: W.H. Koppenol; Met. Ions Biol. Syst. 36, 597 (1999), (Review) Abstract
Conformation of peroxynitrite: determination by crystallographic analysis: M. Worle, et al.; Chem. Res. Toxicol 12, 305 (1999) Abstract
Peroxynitrite scavenging by metalloporphyrins and thiolates: J.P. Crow; Free Radic. Biol. Med. 28, 1487 (2000), (Review) Abstract
Interaction of peroxynitrite with selenoproteins and glutathione peroxidase mimics: H. Sies & G.E. Arteel; Free Radic. Biol. Med. 28, 1451 (2000), (Review) Abstract
Reactions of Peroxynitrite with Phenolic and Carbonyl Compounds: Flavonoids are not Scavengers of Peroxynitrite: S. Tibi & W.H. Koppenol; Helv. Chim. Acta 83, 2412 (2000)
BCL-2 protects peroxynitrite-treated thymocytes from poly(ADP-ribose) synthase (PARS)-independent apoptotic but not from PARS-mediated necrotic cell death: L. Virag & C. Szabo; Free Radic. Biol. Med. 29, 704 (2000) Abstract
Peroxynitrite promotes mitochondrial permeability transition-dependent rapid u937 cell necrosis: survivors proliferate with kinetics superimposable on those of untreated cells: P. Sestili, et al.; Free Radic Res. 34, 513 (2001) Abstract
Peroxynitrite-induced cytotoxicity: mechanism and opportunities for intervention: L. Virag, et al.; Toxicol. Lett. 140-141, 113 (2003), (Review) Abstract
Preventing nitrite contamination in tetramethylammonium peroxynitrite solutions: P. Latal, et al.; Inorg. Chem. 43, 6519 (2004) Abstract
Further Categories Containing This Product:
PARP Other Products • DNA Repair Other Products
 
 
ALX-430-092 Revised 28-Jan-05
FeTMPyP . pentachloride
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SYNONYMS Iron (III) tetrakis(N-methyl-4'-pyridyl)porphyrin . 5Cl
PRODUCT LINE Oxidative Stress
PRODUCT CATEGORY Porphyrins
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ALX-430-092-M010   10 mg 43.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C44H36FeN8 . 5Cl
MW: 732.7 . 177.3
CAS NUMBER: 133314-07-5
PURITY: ≥98%
APPEARANCE: Black solid.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in aqueous buffers or isotonic saline.
SHIPPING: SHIPPED ON BLUE ICE
LONG TERM STORAGE: -20°C
USE/STABILITY: Stable for at least 2 years after receipt when stored at –20°C.
HANDLING: Protect from light and moisture.

Product Description
Synthetic porphyrin complexed with iron which acts as a peroxynitrite decomposition complex. Catalyzes the isomerization of peroxynitrite to nitrate under physiological conditions. Effectively prevents the oxidation of lipid components by peroxynitrite. Also catalytically decomposes superoxide radicals. Irridation of the aqueous solution at 335nm releases hydroxyl radicals. It can also serve as a potential drug for reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxification.
Product Specific Literature References
Peroxynitrite decomposition catalysts: M.K. Stern, et al.; JACS 118, 8735 (1996)
Amphiphilic peroxynitrite decomposition catalysts in liposomal assemblies: J.A. Hunt, et al.; Chem. Biol. 4, 845 (1997) Abstract
Peroxynitrite rapidly permeates phospholipid membranes: S.S. Marla, et al.; PNAS 94, 14243 (1997) Abstract
Characterization of the cytoprotective action of peroxynitrite decomposition catalysts: T.P. Misko, et al.; J. Biol. Chem. 273, 15646 (1998) Abstract; Full Text
Protective effects of a superoxide dismutase mimetic and peroxynitrite decomposition catalysts in endotoxin-induced intestinal damage: D. Salvemini, et al.; Br. J. Pharmacol. 127, 685 (1999) Abstract
Methamphetamine generates peroxynitrite and produces dopaminergic neurotoxicity in mice: protective effects of peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst: S.Z. Imam, et al.; Brain Res. 837, 15 (1999) Abstract
Further Categories Containing This Product:
Peroxynitrite/Scavengers/Detection
 
 
ALX-610-021 Revised 04-Nov-05
Dihydrorhodamine 123
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SYNONYMS DHR
PRODUCT LINE Other Products
PRODUCT CATEGORY Dyes/Stains/Fluorescent Probes/Fluorescent Labels
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ALX-610-021-M005   5 mg 153.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-610-021-M010   10 mg 272.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C21H18N2O3
MW: 346.4
CAS NUMBER: 109244-58-8
PURITY: ≥98%
APPEARANCE: Pink crystalline solid.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol, DMSO or dimethyl formamide.
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: -20°C
USE/STABILITY: Stock solutions are stable for at least 6 months when stored at -20°C.

Product Description
Sensitive indicator of peroxynitrite formation. DHR is oxidized by peroxynitrite to the highly fluorescent product rhodamine. Formation of rhodamine can be monitored by fluorescence spectroscopy (Ex(max): 500nm, Em(max): 536nm), or by absorbance spectroscopy at 500nm (ε=78'800M-1cm-1). Neither nitric oxide, superoxide, nor hydrogen peroxide alone appear to oxidize DHR.
Product Specific Literature References
Peroxynitrite-mediated oxidation of dihydrorhodamine 123: N.W. Kooy, et al.; Free Radic. Biol. Med. 16, 149 (1994) Abstract
Attenuation of oxidation and nitration reactions of peroxynitrite by selenomethionine, selenocystine and ebselen: K. Briviba, et al.; Biochem. J. 319, 13 (1996) Abstract
Dichlorodihydrofluorescein and dihydrorhodamine 123 are sensitive indicators of peroxynitrite in vitro: implications for intracellular measurement of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species: J.P. Crow; Nitric Oxide 1, 145 (1997) Abstract
Glutathione peroxidase protects against peroxynitrite-mediated oxidations. A new function for selenoproteins as peroxynitrite reductase: H. Sies, et al.; J. Biol. Chem. 272, 27812 (1997) Abstract; Full Text
Dihydrofluorescein diacetate is superior for detecting intracellular oxidants: comparison with 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate, 5(and 6)-carboxy-2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate: S.L. Hempel, et al.; Free Radic. Biol. Med. 27, 146 (1999) Abstract
Detection of reactive nitrogen species using 2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein and dihydrorhodamine 123: H. Ischiropoulos, et al.; Meth. Enzymol. 301, 367 (1999) Abstract
Further Categories Containing This Product:
Respiratory Chain Other Products • Peroxynitrite/Scavengers/Detection
 
 
ALX-610-022 Revised 25-Apr-08
2',7'-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate