ALEXIS Biochemicals: Monoclonal Antibody to HSP90α/β (H90-10)

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ALX-270-428

Revised 25-Feb-08

Salubrinal
PRODUCT LINE	Signal Transduction
PRODUCT CATEGORY	Phosphatases Other Products

Ordering Information

Product Numbers:	Format:	Size:	Unit Price:	Quantity:	Add To Cart
ALX-270-428-M001		1 mg	30.00 USD
ALX-270-428-M005		5 mg	110.00 USD

Product Specification

FORMULA:	C₂₁H₂₀Cl₃N₄OS
MW:	479.8
CAS NUMBER:	405060-95-9
PURITY:	≥98%
APPEARANCE:	White to off-white powder.
SOLUBILITY:	Soluble in DMSO (10mg/ml).
SHIPPING:	AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE:	-20°C
USE/STABILITY:	Product may darken when exposed to air. Stock solutions are stable for up to 3 months when stored at -20°C.
HANDLING:	Protect from light. Keep under inert gas.

Product Description

Cell permeable and selective inhibitor of the phosphatase complexes that dephosphorylate eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit α (eIF-2α). Protects ER stress-induced apoptosis (EC₅₀~15µM in PC12 cells stimulated with 750ng/ml of tunicamycin (Prod. No. ALX-380-047)).

Product Specific Literature References

A selective inhibitor of eIF2alpha dephosphorylation protects cells from ER stress: M. Boyce, et al.; Science 307, 935 (2005) Abstract
A pharmacoproteomic approach implicates eukaryotic elongation factor 2 kinase in ER stress-induced cell death: M. Boyce, et al.; Cell Death Differ. 15, 589 (2008) Abstract

Related Products

ALX-380-047

Tunicamycin

Further Categories Containing This Product:

Endoplasmatic Reticulum Stress • Translation Initiation Factors / Related Products • Apoptosis Inducers & Inhibitors Other Products

ALX-350-004

Revised 08-Apr-08

Thapsigargin
PRODUCT LINE	Natural Products / Antibiotics
PRODUCT CATEGORY	Natural Products - Other Tumor Promoters

Ordering Information

Product Numbers:	Format:	Size:	Unit Price:	Quantity:	Add To Cart
ALX-350-004-M001		1 mg	50.00 USD
ALX-350-004-M005		5 mg	200.00 USD
ALX-350-004-M010		10 mg	350.00 USD
ALX-350-004-M025		25 mg	690.00 USD

Product Specification

FORMULA:	C₃₄H₅₀O₁₂
MW:	650.8
CAS NUMBER:	67526-95-8
MERCK INDEX:	14: 9272
PURITY:	≥95% (HPLC)
APPEARANCE:	Clear colorless film.
SOLUBILITY:	Soluble in DMSO or 100% ethanol.
SHIPPING:	AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE:	-20°C
HANDLING:	Protect from light and oxygen.
HAZARD:	HIGHLY IRRITANT. HARMFUL.

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Product Description

Cell permeable tumor promoter by specific inhibition of the (sarco)endoplasmatic reticulum Ca²⁺-ATPase (SERCA). Inhibition of SERCA reveals a significant change in intracellular Ca²⁺ homeostasis and pH regulation in tumor cells. Does not increase inositol phosphates. Shows no effect on protein kinase C (PKC). Increases Ca²⁺-dependent Na⁺ influx in human platelets in a dose-dependent manner. Induces apoptosis. Stimulates nitric oxide (NO) production, contributing to hepatocyte apoptosis.

Product Specific Literature References

Brefeldin A, thapsigargin, and AIF4- stimulate the accumulation of GRP78 mRNA in a cycloheximide dependent manner, whilst induction by hypoxia is independent of protein synthesis: B.D. Price, et al.; J. Cell. Physiol. 152, 545 (1992) Abstract
Thapsigargin, a Ca(2+)-ATPase inhibitor, depletes the intracellular Ca2+ pool and induces apoptosis in human hepatoma cells: A. Tsukamoto & Y. Kaneko; Cell Biol. Int. 17, 969 (1993) Abstract
The role of calcium, pH, and cell proliferation in the programmed (apoptotic) death of androgen-independent prostatic cancer cells induced by thapsigargin: Y. Furuya, et al.; Cancer Res. 54, 6167 (1994) Abstract
Intracellular Ca2+ signals activate apoptosis in thymocytes: studies using the Ca(2+)-ATPase inhibitor thapsigargin: S. Jiang, et al.; Exp. Cell Res. 212, 84 (1994) Abstract
Role of EGR-1 in thapsigargin-inducible apoptosis in the melanoma cell line A375-C6: S. Muthukkumar, et al.; Mol. Cell. Biol. 15, 6262 (1995) Abstract; Full Text
Baculovirus p35 and Z-VAD-fmk inhibit thapsigargin-induced apoptosis of breast cancer cells: X.M. Qi, et al.; Oncogene 15, 1207 (1997) Abstract
Signal transduction of thapsigargin-induced apoptosis in osteoblast: H.J. Chae, et al.; Bone 25, 453 (1999) Abstract
Nitric oxide is involved in apoptosis induced by thapsigargin in rat mesangial cells: A.M. Rodriguez-Lopez, et al.; Cell Physiol. Biochem. 9, 285 (1999) Abstract
Thapsigargin induces apoptosis in cultured human aortic smooth muscle cells: C. Peiro, et al.; J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 36, 676 (2000) Abstract
Thapsigargin induces a calmodulin/calcineurin-dependent apoptotic cascade responsible for the death of prostatic cancer cells: B. Tombal, et al.; Prostate 43, 303 (2000) Abstract
Changes in intracellular Ca2+ and pH in response to thapsigargin in human glioblastoma cells and normal astrocytes: G.G. Kovacs, et al.; Am. J. Physiol. Cell. Physiol. 289, C361 (2005) Abstract
Thapsigargin, a selective inhibitor of sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ -ATPases, modulates nitric oxide production and cell death of primary rat hepatocytes in culture: N.K. Canova, et al.; Cell Biol. Toxicol. 23, 337 (2007) Abstract

General Information

BACKGROUND/TECHNICAL INFORMATION

Dissolving of 0.65mg Thapsigargin in 1ml gives a stock solution of 1mM.

General Literature References

Role of Ca2(+)-ATPases in regulation of cellular Ca2+ signalling, as studied with the selective microsomal Ca2(+)-ATPase inhibitor, thapsigargin: O. Thastrup; Agents Actions 29, 8 (1990), (Review) Abstract
Thapsigargin, a high affinity and global inhibitor of intracellular Ca2+ transport ATPases: G. Inesi and Y. Sagara; Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 298, 313 (1992), (Review) Abstract
Use of thapsigargin to study Ca2+ homeostasis in cardiac cells: T.B. Rogers, et al.; Biosci. Rep. 15, 341 (1995), (Review) Abstract
The sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ pump: inhibition by thapsigargin and enhancement by adenovirus-mediated gene transfer: G. Inesi, et al.; Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 853, 195 (1998), (Review) Abstract; Full Text
A tool coming of age: thapsigargin as an inhibitor of sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPases: M. Treiman, et al.; TIPS 19, 131 (1998), (Review) Abstract

Further Categories Containing This Product:

Ca2+-ATPase / Related Products • Endoplasmatic Reticulum Stress • Other Natural Products - DNA Regulation / Transcription • Carcinogens & Tumor Promoters Other Products • Natural Products - ATPase Inhibitors • Natural Products - Nitric Oxide Pathway Modulators • Natural Products - Apoptosis Inducers & Inhibitors • Nuclear Envelope & Nuclear Transport • Autophagy Other Products

ALX-380-047

Revised 20-Feb-08

Tunicamycin
PRODUCT LINE	Natural Products / Antibiotics
PRODUCT CATEGORY	Antibiotics - Apoptosis Inducers & Inhibitors

Ordering Information

Product Numbers:	Format:	Size:	Unit Price:	Quantity:	Add To Cart
ALX-380-047-M010		10 mg	82.00 USD
ALX-380-047-M050		50 mg	350.00 USD

Product Specification

CAS NUMBER:	11089-65-9
MERCK INDEX:	14: 9819
RTECS:	YO7980200
SOURCE/HOST:	Isolated from Streptomyces lysosuperficus.
PURITY:	≥98% (HPLC)
APPEARANCE:	White to off-white powder.
PURITY DETAIL:	Mixture of tunicamycin A, B, C and D.
SOLUBILITY:	Soluble in methanol or DMSO (50mg/ml).
SHIPPING:	AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE:	+4°C
HAZARD:	VERY TOXIC.

Product Description

Nucleoside antibiotic that blocks the formation of protein N-glycosidic linkages by inhibiting the transfer of N-acetylglucosamine 1-phosphate to dolichol monophosphate. Induces ER-stress following the inhibition of N-linked glycosylation.

Product Specific Literature References

Isolation and structures of components of Tunicamycin: T. Ito, et al.; Agric. Biol. Chem. 44, 695 (1980)
Separation of tunicamycin homologues by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography: W.C. Mahoney & D. Duksin; J. Chromatogr. 198, 506 (1980) Abstract
Relationship of the structure and biological activity of the natural homologues of tunicamycin: D. Duksin & W.C. Mahoney; J. Biol. Chem. 257, 3105 (1982) Abstract; Full Text
Tunicamycin inhibits the expression of functional thrombin receptors on human T-lymphoblastoid cells: A. Tordai, et al.; BBRC 206, 857 (1995) Abstract
Tunicamycin, a new antibiotic. I. Isolation and characterization of tunicamycin: A. Takatsuki, et al.; J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 24, 215 (1971) Abstract
Tunicamycin inhibits NMDA and AMPA receptor responses independently of N-glycosylation: K. Maruo, et al.; Brain Res. 977, 294 (2003) Abstract
Tunicamycin enhances tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-induced apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells: T. Shiraishi, et al.; Cancer Res. 65, 6364 (2005) Abstract
Novel potential of tunicamycin as an activator of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor -- dioxin responsive element signaling pathway: K. Horikawa, et al.; FEBS Lett. 580, 3721 (2006) Abstract
Tunicamycin sensitizes human melanoma cells to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-induced apoptosis by up-regulation of TRAIL-R2 via the unfolded protein response: C.C. Jiang, et al.; Cancer Res. 67, 5880 (2007) Abstract
Glycosylation modulates TRAIL-R1/death receptor 4 protein: different regulations of two pro-apoptotic receptors for TRAIL by tunicamycin: T. Yoshida, et al.; Oncol. Rep. 18, 1239 (2007) Abstract

Further Categories Containing This Product:

Endoplasmatic Reticulum Stress • Autophagy Other Products

ALX-201-093

Revised 15-Apr-08

Caspase-4 (active) (human) (recombinant)
PRODUCT LINE	Cell Death / Apoptosis / Autophagy
PRODUCT CATEGORY	Caspases

Ordering Information

Product Numbers:	Format:	Size:	Unit Price:	Quantity:	Add To Cart
ALX-201-093-U025		25 U	203.00 USD
ALX-201-093-U100		100 U	371.00 USD

Product Specification

EC:	3.4.22.57
SOURCE/HOST:	Produced in E. coli.
PURITY:	≥95% (SDS-PAGE)
FORMULATION:	Lyophilized.
RECONSTITUTION:	Reconstitute with PBS containing 15% glycerol to 1U/µl.
SPECIFIC ACTIVITY:	~5'000U/mg protein. One unit is defined as the amount of enzyme that cleaves 1nmol of the caspase substrate WEHD-pNA per hour at 37°C in reaction solution containing 50mM HEPES, pH 7.2, 50mM NaCl, 0.1% CHAPS, 10mM EDTA, 5% glycerol and 10mM DTT.
APPLICATION:	Useful in screening caspase inhibitors, studying enzyme regulation and kinetics, determining target substrate or as a positive control in caspase activity assays. We recommend using 1 unit per assay for analyzing caspase activity.
SHIPPING:	SHIPPED ON DRY ICE
LONG TERM STORAGE:	-80°C
HANDLING:	Avoid freeze/thaw cycles. After reconstitution, prepare aliquots and store at -80°C.

General Information

Caspase-4 is a member of the caspase family of cysteine proteases. It exists in cells as an inactive pro-enzyme. The pro-enzyme is matured by proteolysis to yield large and small subunits. The active enzyme is a heterotetramer consisting of two large and two small subunits. The expressed caspase-4 spontaneously undergoes auto-processing to yield subunits characteristic of the native enzyme. The active caspase-4 is routinely tested for its ability to enzymatically cleave the substrate WEHD-AFC or WEHD-pNA.

BACKGROUND/TECHNICAL INFORMATION

Swiss-Prot link P49662: Caspase-4 (human) (precursor)
AfCS Signalling Gateway link A000499: Caspase-4 (mouse)

Further Categories Containing This Product:

Enzymes • Endoplasmatic Reticulum Stress • Recombinant Proteins / Fusion Proteins

ALX-201-152

Revised 17-Jan-08

PDIA2 (human) (recombinant)
SYNONYMS	Protein Disulfide-isomerase A2 (human) (recombinant)
PRODUCT LINE	Protein Synthesis, Modification & Degradation
PRODUCT CATEGORY	Protein Synthesis, Modification & Degradation Other Products

Ordering Information

Product Numbers:	Format:	Size:	Unit Price:	Quantity:	Add To Cart
ALX-201-152-C025		25 µg	155.00 USD

Product Specification

EC:	5.3.4.1
SOURCE/HOST:	Produced in E. coli.
CONCENTRATION:	3.3mg/ml
PURITY:	≥99%
FORMULATION:	Liquid. In PBS.
APPLICATION:	Western Blot
SHIPPING:	SHIPPED ON DRY ICE
SHORT TERM STORAGE:	+4°C
LONG TERM STORAGE:	-80°C
HANDLING:	For maximum product recovery after thawing, centrifuge the vial before opening the cap. Avoid freeze/thaw cycles.

Product Specific Literature References

BiP and PDI cooperate in the oxidative folding of antibodies in vitro: M. Mayer, et al.; J. Biol. Chem. 275, 29421 (2000) Abstract; Full Text

General Information

BACKGROUND/TECHNICAL INFORMATION

Swiss-Prot link Q13087: Protein disulfide isomerase A2 (Precursor) (human)

General Literature References

Proteins of the PDI family: unpredicted non-ER locations and functions: C. Turano, et al.; J. Cell. Physiol. 193, 154 (2002), (Review) Abstract; Full Text

Further Categories Containing This Product:

Recombinant Proteins / Fusion Proteins • Endoplasmatic Reticulum Stress

ALX-201-219

Revised 22-Mar-07

BiP (mouse) (recombinant)
SYNONYMS	GRP78 (mouse) (recombinant) Glucose Regulated Protein 78 (mouse) (recombinant)
PRODUCT LINE	Stress & Heat Shock Proteins
PRODUCT CATEGORY	HSP70 / DnaK / Related Products

Ordering Information

Product Numbers:	Format:	Size:	Unit Price:	Quantity:	Add To Cart
ALX-201-219-C025		25 µg	170.00 USD

Product Specification

SOURCE/HOST:	Produced in E. coli.
PURITY:	≥99% (SDS-PAGE; MS)
FORMULATION:	Liquid. In 50mM HEPES, pH 7.5, containing 150mM KCl and 10mM MgCl₂.
APPLICATION:	Western Blot
SHIPPING:	SHIPPED ON DRY ICE
SHORT TERM STORAGE:	+4°C
LONG TERM STORAGE:	-80°C
HANDLING:	For maximum product recovery after thawing, centrifuge the vial before opening the cap. Avoid freeze/thaw cycles.

Product Specific Literature References

Influence of the oxidoreductase ER57 on the folding of an antibody fab fragment: M. Mayer, et al.; J. Mol. Biol. 341, 1077 (2004) Abstract

Further Categories Containing This Product:

Recombinant Proteins / Fusion Proteins • Endoplasmatic Reticulum Stress

ALX-201-220

Revised 18-Feb-05

Calnexin (dog) (recombinant)
PRODUCT LINE	Stress & Heat Shock Proteins
PRODUCT CATEGORY	Endoplasmatic Reticulum Stress

Ordering Information

Product Numbers:	Format:	Size:	Unit Price:	Quantity:	Add To Cart
ALX-201-220-C025		25 µg	170.00 USD

Product Specification

SOURCE/HOST:	Produced in E.coli.
PURITY:	≥99% (SDS-PAGE; MS)
FORMULATION:	Liquid. In 40mM HEPES, pH 7.5, containing 150mM sodium chloride, 5mM calcium chloride.
APPLICATION:	Western Blot
SHIPPING:	SHIPPED ON DRY ICE
SHORT TERM STORAGE:	+4°C
LONG TERM STORAGE:	-80°C
HANDLING:	Avoid freeze/thaw cycles. For maximum product recovery after thawing, centrifuge the vial before opening the cap.

Product Specific Literature References

Roles of N-linked glycans in the endoplasmic reticulum: A. Helenius and M. Aebi; Annu. Rev. Biochem. 73, 1019 (2004) Abstract

Further Categories Containing This Product:

Recombinant Proteins / Fusion Proteins

ALX-201-269

Revised 18-Mar-08

Calreticulin (rabbit) (recombinant)
PRODUCT LINE	Signal Transduction
PRODUCT CATEGORY	Calreticulin / Related Products

Ordering Information

Product Numbers:	Format:	Size:	Unit Price:	Quantity:	Add To Cart
ALX-201-269-C025		25 µg	170.00 USD

Product Specification

SOURCE/HOST:	Produced in E. coli.
CONCENTRATION:	1.2mg/ml
PURITY:	≥99%
FORMULATION:	Liquid. In 100mM HEPES, pH 7.5, containing 150mM NaCl and 5mM CaCl₂.
SHIPPING:	SHIPPED ON DRY ICE
SHORT TERM STORAGE:	+4°C
LONG TERM STORAGE:	-80°C
HANDLING:	Avoid freeze/thaw cycles.

Product Specific Literature References

Delineation of the lectin site of the molecular chaperone calreticulin: S.P. Thomson and D.B. Williams; Cell Stress Chaperones 10, 242 (2005) Abstract

General Information

BACKGROUND/TECHNICAL INFORMATION

Swiss-Prot link P15253: Calreticulin (rabbit)

Further Categories Containing This Product:

ER-Golgi Intermediate Compartment [ERGIC] / Related Products • Recombinant Proteins / Fusion Proteins • Endoplasmatic Reticulum Stress

ALX-804-012

Revised 09-Jun-08

Monoclonal Antibody to PDI (RL90)
SYNONYMS	anti-Protein Disulfide-isomerase MAb (RL90)
PRODUCT LINE	Protein Synthesis, Modification & Degradation
PRODUCT CATEGORY	Protein Synthesis, Modification & Degradation Other Products

Ordering Information

Product Numbers:	Format:	Size:	Unit Price:	Quantity:	Add To Cart
ALX-804-012-R100		100 µl	379.00 USD

Product Specification

SPECIES CROSSREACTIVITY:	Human Mouse Rat Others
CLONE:	RL90
ISOTYPE:	Mouse IgG2a
CONCENTRATION:	1mg/ml
PURITY DETAIL:	Protein A-affinity purified.
FORMULATION:	Liquid. In PBS containing 1mg/ml BSA and 0.05% sodium azide.
IMMUNOGEN:	Purified rat liver PDI (protein disulfide-isomerase).
SPECIFICITY:	Recognizes human, mouse, rat, hamster and pig PDI. Detects a band of ~59kDa (rat liver extract) or ~61kDa (human liver extract) by Western blot.
APPLICATION:	Flow Cytometry Immunocytochemistry (1:100) Immunohistochemistry (paraffin sections, frozen sections (1:100)) Immunoprecipitation Western Blot (1:1’000) Functional Application (see [4])
SHIPPING:	SHIPPED ON BLUE ICE
LONG TERM STORAGE:	-20°C
HANDLING:	Avoid freeze/thaw cycles.

Product Specific Literature References

[1] Protein disulphide-isomerase from human placenta and rat liver. Purification and immunological characterization with monoclonal antibodies: C.S. Kaetzel, et al.; Biochem. J. 241, 39 (1987) Abstract
[2] Inhibition of a reductive function of the plasma membrane by bacitracin and antibodies against protein disulfide-isomerase: R. Mandel, et al.; PNAS 90, 4112 (1993) Abstract; Full Text
[3] Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus infection by agents that interfere with thiol-disulfide interchange upon virus-receptor interaction: H.J. Ryser, et al.; PNAS 91, 4559 (1994) Abstract; Full Text
[4] Sustained integrin ligation involves extracellular free sulfhydryls and enzymatically catalyzed disulfide exchange: J. Lahav, et al.; Blood 100, 2472 (2002) Abstract; Full Text

General Information

The three dimensional structure of many extracellular proteins is stabilized by the formation of disulphide bonds. Studies suggest that a microsomal enzyme known as Protein Disulphide-Isomerase (PDI) is involved in disulphide-bond formation and isomerization, as well as the reduction of disulphide bonds in proteins. PDI, which catalyses disulphide interchange between thiols and protein dilsulphides, has also been referred to as thiol:protein-disulphide oxidoreductase and as glutathione:insulin transhydrogenase because of its role in reduction of disulphide bonds. The highly conserved sequence Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu (KDEL) is present at the carboxy-terminus of PDI and other soluble endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident proteins including the 78 and 94 kDa glucose regulated proteins (GRP78 and GRP94 respectively). The presence of carboxy-terminal KDEL appears to be necessary for ER retention and appears to be sufficient to reduce the secretion of proteins from the ER. This retention is reported to be mediated by a KDEL receptor.

BACKGROUND/TECHNICAL INFORMATION

Immunohistochemical staining of PDI in rat intestine with Prod. No. ALX-804-012 yields a pattern consistent with cytoplasmic staining. In immunoprecipitation procedures, Prod. No. ALX-804-012 has been shown to inhibit the activity of PDI in vitro. Prod. No. ALX-804-012 has also been found to inhibit disulfide bond reduction of the HIV protein, gp120, at the cell surface of CHO cells and human lymphoid cells.

Further Categories Containing This Product:

Endoplasmatic Reticulum Stress • Monoclonal Antibodies

ALX-804-013

Revised 29-Sep-05

Monoclonal Antibody to PDI (RL77)