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Oxidative Stress
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ALX-270-371 Revised 18-Jun-07
Dimethyloxalyl glycine
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SYNONYMS DMOG
N-(Methoxyoxoacetyl)-glycine methyl ester
PRODUCT LINE Oxidative Stress
PRODUCT CATEGORY Hypoxia-inducible Factor [HIF] / Related Products
Ordering Information
Product Numbers: Format: Size: Unit Price: Quantity: Add To Cart
ALX-270-371-M010   10 mg 18.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-270-371-M050   50 mg 72.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-270-371-M100   100 mg 120.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C6H9NO5
MW: 175.1
CAS NUMBER: 89464-63-1
PURITY: ≥98%
APPEARANCE: White to off-white solid.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in 100% ethanol, DMSO or dimethyl formamide; also soluble in PBS.
SHIPPING: SHIPPED ON BLUE ICE
LONG TERM STORAGE: -20°C
USE/STABILITY: Stable for at least 1 year when stored at -20°C. Stock solutions are stable for at least 6 months if stored at -20°C.

Product Description
Cell permeable, competitive inhibitor of PHDs (prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing proteins; HIF-PHs), which destructs HIF-1α when hydroxylated at a specific proline residue (P564). Stabilizes HIF-1α expression at normal oxygen tensions in cultured cells at concentrations between 0.1 and 1mM. Expected to act pro-angiogenic.
Product Specific Literature References
Targeting of HIF-alpha to the von Hippel-Lindau ubiquitylation complex by O2-regulated prolyl hydroxylation: P. Jaakkola, et al.; Science 292, 468 (2001) Abstract
A conserved family of prolyl-4-hydroxylases that modify HIF: R.K. Bruick & S.L. McKnight; Science 294, 1337 (2001) Abstract
HIFalpha targeted for VHL-mediated destruction by proline hydroxylation: implications for O2 sensing: M. Ivan, et al.; Science 292, 464 (2001) Abstract
General Information
BACKGROUND/TECHNICAL INFORMATION A stock solution may be made by dissolving the DMOG in an organic solvent purged with an inert gas. DMOG is soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol, DMSO and dimethyl formamide.The solubility of DMOG in these solvents is at least 30mg/ml. DMOG will be stable for at least six months in these solvents if stored at -20°C.
Further dilutions of the stock solution into aqueous buffers or isotonic saline should be made prior to performing biological experiments. Ensure that the residual amount of organic solvent is insignificant, since organic solvents may have physiological effects at low concentrations. Organic solvent-free aqueous solutions of DMOG can be prepared by directly dissolving the crystalline compound powder in aqueous buffers. The solubility of DMOG in PBS (pH 7.2) is at least 10mg/ml.
 
 
ALX-385-031 Revised 07-Oct-08
Diosmin
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SYNONYMS 3’,5,7-Trihydroxy-4’-methoxyflavone 7-rutinoside
PRODUCT LINE Natural Products / Antibiotics
PRODUCT CATEGORY Flavones
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Product Numbers: Format: Size: Unit Price: Quantity: Add To Cart
ALX-385-031-G005   5 g 30.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-385-031-G025   25 g 90.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C28H32O15
MW: 608.5
CAS NUMBER: 520-27-4
MERCK INDEX: 14: 3297
SOURCE/HOST: Isolated from Citrus aurantium L. and Citrus reticulate Blanca.
PURITY: ≥90% (HPLC)
APPEARANCE: Light yellow to brown yellow powder.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in DMSO (50mg/ml).
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: +4°C
IDENTITY: Determined by IR.

Product Description

Flavonoid glycoside. Reduces venous hyperpressure. Reduces capillary hyperpermeability and the expression of endothelial adhesion molecules (ICAM1, VCAM1). Effectively inhibits the P-glycoprotein (Pgp)-mediated efflux in cells. Anti-inflammatory.
Product Specific Literature References
Clinical trial of oral diosmin (Daflon) in the treatment of hemorrhoids: W. Thanapongsathorn & T. Vajrabukka; Dis. Colon Rectum 35, 1085 (1992) Abstract
Amine uptake inhibition by diosmin and diosmetin in human neuronal and neuroendocrine cell lines: E. Sher, et al.; Pharmacol. Res. 26, 395 (1992) Abstract
Antioxidant activity of micronized diosmin on oxygen species from stimulated human neutrophils: B. Cypriani, et al.; Biochem. Pharmacol. 45, 1531 (1993) Abstract
Diosmin-induced increase in sensitivity to Ca2+ of the smooth muscle contractile apparatus in the rat isolated femoral vein: J.P. Savineau & R. Marthan; Br. J. Pharmacol. 111, 978 (1994) Abstract; Full Text
Venous elasticity after treatment with Daflon 500 mg: V. Ibegbuna, et al.; Angiology 48, 45 (1997) Abstract
Chemopreventive effects of diosmin and hesperidin on N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine-induced urinary-bladder carcinogenesis in male ICR mice: M. Yang, et al.; Int. J. Cancer 73, 719 (1997) Abstract
Diosmin and diosmetin are agonists of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor that differentially affect cytochrome P450 1A1 activity: H.P. Ciolino, et al.; Cancer Res. 58, 2754 (1998) Abstract; Full Text
Modulation by phytochemicals of cytochrome P450-linked enzyme activity: R.W. Teel & H. Huynh; Cancer Lett. 133, 135 (1998) Abstract
Inhibition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endothelial cytotoxicity by diosmin: M.F. Melzig & R. Loose; Pharmazie 54, 298 (1999) Abstract
Anti-inflammatory activity of diosmin and hesperidin in rat colitis induced by TNBS: M.E. Crespo, et al.; Planta Med. 65, 651 (1999) Abstract
Further investigation of the modifying effect of various chemopreventive agents on apoptosis and cell proliferation in human colon cancer cells: Q. Zheng, et al.; J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 128, 539 (2002) Abstract
The effect of diosmin hesperidin on intestinal ischaemia--reperfusion injury: M. Pehlivan, et al.; Acta Chir. Belg. 104, 715 (2004) Abstract
Treatment of metastatic melanoma B16F10 by the flavonoids tangeretin, rutin, and diosmin: C. Martinez Conesa, et al.; J. Agric. Food Chem. 53, 6791 (2005) Abstract
Further Categories Containing This Product:
Natural Products - Anti-inflammatory Agents • Active Substances from Fruit and Vegetables • Natural Products - Chemopreventive Agents • CD11a, CD18 [LFA-1] & CD54 [ICAM-1], CD102 [ICAM-2], CD50 [ICAM-3] / Related Products • MDR Other Products
 
 
ALX-270-003 Revised 08-Aug-08
Diphenyleneiodonium chloride
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SYNONYMS Dibenziodolium chloride
PRODUCT LINE Nitric Oxide Pathway
PRODUCT CATEGORY NOS Inhibitors (NOS Induction & Enzyme Activity)
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ALX-270-003-M025   25 mg 85.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-270-003-M100   100 mg 255.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C12H8ICl
MW: 314.5
CAS NUMBER: 4673-26-1
PURITY: ≥98% (TLC)
APPEARANCE: White to off-white solid.
SOLUBILITY: 10mg/ml soluble in DMSO (warm).
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: -20°C
HANDLING: Protect from light.
HAZARD: HARMFUL.

Product Description
Binds strongly to flavoproteins and is thus a powerful and specific inhibitor of several important enzymes, including nitric oxide synthase (NOS), NADPH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase, NADPH oxidases and NADPH cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase. Nitric oxide synthase, which shows significant homology with cytochrome P450 reductase, has shown to be irreversibly inhibited by this compound.
Product Specific Literature References
Specific labelling of a constituent polypeptide of bovine heart mitochondrial reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide-ubiquinone reductase by the inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium: C.I. Ragan & D.P. Bloxham; Biochem. J. 163, 605 (1977) Abstract
The inhibition by diphenyleneiodonium and its analogues of superoxide generation by macrophages: J.T. Hancock & O.T.G. Jones; Biochem. J. 242, 103 (1987) Abstract
Indications to an NADPH oxidase as a possible pO2 sensor in the rat carotid body: H. Acker, et al.; FEBS Lett. 256, 75 (1989) Abstract
Purification and some properties of the 45 kDa diphenylene iodonium- binding flavoprotein of neutrophil NADPH oxidase: C.M. Yea, et al.; Biochem. J. 265, 95 (1990) Abstract
Inhibition of macrophage and endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase by diphenyleneiodonium and its analogs: D.J. Stuehr, et al.; FASEB J. 5, 98 (1991) Abstract
Inhibition of cytochrome P450 reductase by the diphenyliodonium cation. Kinetic analysis and covalent modifications: D.G. Tew; Biochemistry 32, 10209 (1993) Abstract
Diphenyleneiodonium sulfate, an NADPH oxidase inhibitor, prevents early alcohol-induced liver injury in the rat: H. Kono, et al.; Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 280, G1005 (2001) Abstract
Diphenyleneiodonium inhibits NF-kappaB activation and iNOS expression induced by IL-1beta: involvement of reactive oxygen species: A.F. Mendes, et al.; Mediators Inflamm. 10, 209 (2001) Abstract
Preferential inhibition of the plasma membrane NADH oxidase (NOX) activity by diphenyleneiodonium chloride with NADPH as donor: D.J. Morre; Antioxid. Redox Signal 4, 207 (2002) Abstract
G2 cell cycle arrest, down-regulation of cyclin B, and induction of mitotic catastrophe by the flavoprotein inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium: R.M. Scaife; Mol. Cancer Ther. 3, 1229 (2004) Abstract
Induction of apoptosis and modulation of production of reactive oxygen species in human endothelial cells by diphenyleneiodonium: A. Balcerczyk, et al.; Biochem. Pharmacol. 69, 1263 (2005) Abstract
Selective and irreversible cell cycle inhibition by diphenyleneiodonium: R.M. Scaife; Mol. Cancer Ther. 4, 876 (2005) Abstract
Further Categories Containing This Product:
Oxygenases Other Products • Cytochrome P450 [CYP450] / Related Products • Respiratory Chain Other Products
 
 
ALX-430-119 Revised 31-Jul-07
DIPPMPO
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SYNONYMS 5-(Diisopropoxyphosphoryl)-5-methyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide
PRODUCT LINE Oxidative Stress
PRODUCT CATEGORY Spin Traps, Spin Probes & Spin Labels
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Product Numbers: Format: Size: Unit Price: Quantity: Add To Cart
ALX-430-119-M050   50 mg 160.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-430-119-M500   500 mg 1'120.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C11H22NO4P
MW: 263.3
PURITY: ≥98% (1H-NMR)
APPEARANCE: Colorless crystals.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in water, 100% ethanol or methylene chloride.
SHIPPING: SHIPPED ON BLUE ICE
SHORT TERM STORAGE: -20°C
LONG TERM STORAGE: -80°C
HANDLING: Protect from light. Hygroscopic.

Product Description

Beside DEPMPO (Prod. No. ALX-430-093), most efficient spin trap for the in vitro and in vivo detection of O-, N-, S-, and C-centered free radicals. Has a longer life-time than DMPO (Prod. No. ALX-430-129). More lipophilic (Kp=2.1) than DEPMPO.
Product Specific Literature References
5-(Diisopropoxyphosphoryl)-5-methyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide, DIPPMPO, a crystalline analog of the nitrone DEPMPO: synthesis and spin trapping properties: F. Chalier & P. Tordo; J. C. S. Perkin Trans. II 2002, 2110 Abstract
The line asymmetry of electron spin resonance spectra as a tool to determine the cis:trans ratio for spin-trapping adducts of chiral pyrrolines N-oxides: the mechanism of formation of hydroxyl radical adducts of EMPO, DEPMPO, and DIPPMPO : M. Culcasi, et al.; Free Radic. Biol. Med. 40, 1524 (2006) Abstract
 
 
ALX-420-027 Revised 26-Mar-08
DMNQ
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SYNONYMS 2,3-Dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
PRODUCT LINE Oxidative Stress
PRODUCT CATEGORY Oxidative Stress Markers & Reagents / Related Products
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ALX-420-027-M005   5 mg 68.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-420-027-M010   10 mg 115.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-420-027-M025   25 mg 225.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C12H10O4
MW: 218.2
CAS NUMBER: 6956-96-3
PURITY: ≥99%
APPEARANCE: Yellow crystalline solid.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in acetone, DMSO or methanol.
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: -20°C
HANDLING: Protect from light.
HAZARD: IRRITANT.

Product Description
Redox-cycling agent that induces intracellular superoxide anion formation and, depending on the concentration, induces cell proliferation, apoptosis or necrosis. DMNQ does not react with free thiol groups, is non-alkylating and adduct-forming in contrast to other quinones. Thus, DMNQ is a valuable tool for the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in order to study the role of ROS in cell toxicity, apoptosis and necrosis.
Product Specific Literature References
Different prooxidant levels stimulate growth, trigger apoptosis, or produce necrosis of insulin-secreting RINm5F cells: J.M. Dypbukt, et al.; J. Biol. Chem. 269, 30553 (1994) Abstract; Full Text
DNA single-strand breakage in mammalian cells induced by redox cycling quinones in the absence of oxidative stress: W.A. Morgan; J. Biochem. Toxicol. 10, 227 (1995) Abstract
Potentiation of nitric oxide synthase expression by superoxide in interleukin 1 beta-stimulated rat mesangial cells: K.F. Beck, et al.; FEBS Lett. 435, 35 (1998) Abstract
The relative importance of oxidative stress versus arylation in the mechanism of quinone-induced cytotoxicity to platelets: S.A. Seung, et al.; Chem. Biol. Interact. 113, 133 (1998) Abstract
Further Categories Containing This Product:
Apoptosis Inducers & Inhibitors Other Products • Non-apoptotic Cell Death / Necrosis
 
 
ALX-430-088 Revised 13-Aug-08
DMPIO
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SYNONYMS 2,2-Dimethyl-4-phenyl-2H-imidazole-1-oxide
PRODUCT LINE Oxidative Stress
PRODUCT CATEGORY Spin Traps, Spin Probes & Spin Labels
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ALX-430-088-M010   10 mg 20.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-430-088-M050   50 mg 70.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C11H12N2O
MW: 188.2
PURITY: ≥98% (GLC)
APPEARANCE: White to off-white crystalline solid.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in 100% ethanol, DMSO; only weakly soluble in water.
SHIPPING: SHIPPED ON BLUE ICE
LONG TERM STORAGE: -20°C
MELTINGPOINT: 108-109°C

Product Description
Widely used, cell permeable and highly sensitive spin trap. Alternative to PBN (Prod. No. ALX-430-082). More lipophilic than TMIO (Prod. No. ALX-430-073). Does not trap the superoxide radical.
Product Specific Literature References
Spin trapping of O-, C-, and S-centered radicals and peroxynitrite by 2H-imidazole-1-oxides: S.I. Dikalov, et al.; BBRC 218, 616 (1996) Abstract
Oxygen-centered spin adducts of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO) and 2H-imidazole-1-oxides: A.G. Krainev, et al.; J. Magnet. Reson. Series B. 111, 272 (1996) Abstract
 
 
ALX-430-090 Revised 28-Aug-07
DMPO (high purity)
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SYNONYMS 5,5-Dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (high purity)
2,2-Dimethyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrole 1-oxide (high purity)
PRODUCT LINE Oxidative Stress
PRODUCT CATEGORY Spin Traps, Spin Probes & Spin Labels
Ordering Information
Product Numbers: Format: Size: Unit Price: Quantity: Add To Cart
ALX-430-090-M500   500 mg 115.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-430-090-G001   1 g 190.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C6H11NO
MW: 113.2
PURITY: ≥99% (GLC)
APPEARANCE: White crystalline to colorless liquid.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in water, 100% ethanol, methanol or DMSO.
SHIPPING: SHIPPED ON BLUE ICE
LONG TERM STORAGE: -20°C
HANDLING: Protect from light and moisture. Hygroscopic.

Product Description
Cell permeable hydrophilic spin trap for both in vivo and in vitro studies of superoxide, O-, C-, S- and N- centered free radicals.
Product Specific Literature References
The spin trapping of superoxide and hydroxyl free radicals with DMPO (5,5-dimethylpyrroline-N-oxide): more about iron: G.R. Buettner; Free Radic. Res. Comm. 19 Suppl 1, S79 (1993) Abstract
Nitric oxide, superoxide and peroxynitrite: putative mediators of NMDA-induced cell death in cerebellar granule cells: M. Lafon-Cazal, et al.; Neuropharmacology 32, 1259 (1993) Abstract
Nitrone spin traps and a nitroxide antioxidant inhibit a common pathway of thymocyte apoptosis: A.F. Slater, et al.; Biochem. J. 306, 771 (1995) Abstract
Oxygen-centered spin adducts of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO) and 2H-imidazole 1-oxides: A.G. Krainev, et al.; J. Magn. Reson. B. 111, 272 (1996) Abstract
Formation of reactive oxygen species by pentaerithrityltetranitrate and glyceryl trinitrate in vitro and development of nitrate tolerance: S. Dikalov, et al.; J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 286, 938 (1998) Abstract; Full Text
Formation of spin trap adducts during the decomposition of peroxynitrite: R.M. Gatti, et al.; Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 349, 36 (1998) Abstract
MDL 101,002, a free radical spin trap, is efficacious in permanent and transient focal ischemia models: M.P. Johnson, et al.; Life Sci. 63, 241 (1998) Abstract
Generation of nitric oxide from spin-trapping agents under oxidative conditions: K. Saito, et al.; Biosci. Biotech. Biochem. 62, 275 (1998)
Electron spin resonance detection of extracellular superoxide anion released by cultured endothelial cells: J.P. Souchard, et al.; Free Radic. Res. 29, 441 (1998) Abstract
Superoxide generation from endothelial nitric-oxide synthase. A Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent and tetrahydrobiopterin regulatory process: Y. Xia, et al.; J. Biol. Chem. 273, 25804 (1998) Abstract; Full Text
ESR measurement of rapid penetration of DMPO and DEPMPO spin traps through lipid bilayer membranes: K. Anzai, et al.; Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 415, 251 (2003) Abstract
Hydroxyl radical generation caused by the reaction of singlet oxygen with a spin trap, DMPO, increases significantly in the presence of biological reductants: C. Nishizawa, et al.; Free Radic. Res. 38, 385 (2004) Abstract
A new kinetic approach to the evaluation of rate constants for the spin trapping of superoxide/hydroperoxyl radical by nitrones in aqueous media: R. Lauricella, et al.; Org. Biomol. Chem. 2, 1304 (2004) Abstract
Superoxide radical anion adduct of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline n-oxide (DMPO). 1. The thermodynamics of formation and its acidity: F.A. Villamena, et al.; J. Phys. Chem. A. Mol. Spectrosc. Kinet. Environ. Gen. Theory 109, 6083 (2005) Abstract
Superoxide radical anion adduct of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO). 2. The thermodynamics of decay and EPR spectral properties: F.A. Villamena, et al.; J. Phys. Chem. A. Mol. Spectrosc. Kinet. Environ. Gen. Theory 109, 6089 (2005) Abstract
Characterization of the high-resolution ESR spectra of superoxide radical adducts of 5-(diethoxyphosphoryl)-5-methyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DEPMPO) and 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO). Analysis of conformational exchange: S. Dikalov, et al.; Free Radic. Res. 39, 825 (2005) Abstract
Assignment of the EPR spectrum of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO) superoxide spin adduct: J.L. Clement, et al.; J. Org. Chem. 70, 1198 (2005) Abstract
Evaluation of spin trapping agents and trapping conditions for detection of cell-generated reactive oxygen species: H. Shi, et al.; Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 437, 59 (2005) Abstract
Nitric oxide decreases the stability of DMPO spin adducts: K.J. Reszka, et al.; Nitric Oxide 15, 133 (2006) Abstract
Immunolocalization of hypochlorite-induced, catalase-bound free radical formation in mouse hepatocytes: M.G. Bonini et al.; Free Rad. Biol. Med. 42, 530 (2007)
 
 
ALX-270-097 Revised 07-Sep-06
Ebselen
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SYNONYMS 2-Phenyl-1,2-benzisoselenazol-3-(2H)-one
PRODUCT LINE Oxidative Stress
PRODUCT CATEGORY Peroxynitrite / Scavengers / Detection
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ALX-270-097-M001   1 mg 12.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-270-097-M005   5 mg 20.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-270-097-M025   25 mg 60.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C13H9NOSe
MW: 274.2
CAS NUMBER: 60940-34-3
PURITY: ≥98% (NMR)
APPEARANCE: White to off-white crystalline solid.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in DMSO.
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: -20°C
HANDLING: Protect from light.

Product Description
Selenium-based inhibitor of protein kinase C, NADPH, 5-lipoxygenase, cyclooxygenase (COX) and NADPH oxidase. Anti-inflammatory antioxidant. Mimics glutathione peroxidase. Inhibits oxidative modifications of low density lipoproteins (LDL).
Product Specific Literature References
A novel biologically active seleno-organic compound--III. Effects of PZ 51 (Ebselen) on glutathione peroxidase and secretory activities of mouse macrophages: M.J. Parnham & S. Kindt; Biochem. Pharmacol. 33, 3247 (1984) Abstract
Seleno-organic compounds and the therapy of hydroperoxide-linked pathological conditions: M.J. Parnham & E. Graf; Biochem. Pharmacol. 36, 3095 (1987) Abstract
Kinetic mechanism and substrate specificity of glutathione peroxidase activity of ebselen (PZ51): M. Maiorino, et al.; Biochem. Pharmacol. 37, 2267 (1988) Abstract
Studies on the anti-inflammatory activity of ebselen. Ebselen interferes with granulocyte oxidative burst by dual inhibition of NADPH oxidase and protein kinase C?: I.A. Cotgreave, et al.; Biochem. Pharmacol. 38, 649 (1989) Abstract
T. Nikawa, et al.; Biochem. Pharmacol. 47, 1007 (1994)