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Phosphodiesterases / Related Products
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ALX-270-421 Revised 14-Feb-07
BAY 60-7550
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SYNONYMS 2-(3,4-Dimethoxybenzyl)-7-[(1R)-1-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-4-phenylbutyl]-5-methylimidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(3H)-one
PRODUCT LINE Signal Transduction
PRODUCT CATEGORY Phosphodiesterases / Related Products
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Product Numbers: Format: Size: Unit Price: Quantity: Add To Cart
ALX-270-421-M005   5 mg 98.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-270-421-M025   25 mg 395.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C27H32N4O4
MW: 476.6
PURITY: ≥97% (HPLC)
APPEARANCE: White to off-white powder.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in acetone, DMSO or 100% ethanol. Insoluble in water.
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: +4°C

Product Description
Inhibitor of human phosphodiesterase 2 (PDE2) (IC50=5nM). Selective (>50-fold) versus other human PDEs tested (1C,3A, 4B, 5A, 6, 7B, 8A, 9A, 10A, 11A) and does not affect adenosine deaminase. Raises cGMP levels in cell culture, particularly in combination with a suitable activator of soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC). Raises cAMP in combination with forskolin (Prod. No. ALX-350-001). Increases memory performance in rodents in vivo.
Product Specific Literature References
Inhibition of phosphodiesterase 2 increases neuronal cGMP, synaptic plasticity and memory performance: F.G. Boess, et al.; Neuropharmacology 47, 1081 (2004) Abstract
General Information
BACKGROUND/TECHNICAL INFORMATION Please also see our Product Flyer "BAY 60-7550 - A Novel Potent & Selective PDE2 Inhibitor".
General Literature References
Dynamic regulation of cAMP signaling by cGMP in the cardiovascular system: roles of phosphodiesterase 2 and phosphodiesterase 3 enzymes: D.H. Maurice; Proc. West. Pharmacol. Soc. 46, 32 (2003) Abstract
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and their role in immunomodulatory responses: advances in the development of specific phosphodiesterase inhibitors: A. Castro, et al.; Med. Res. Rev. 25, 229 (2005) Abstract
The next generation of phosphodiesterase inhibitors: structural clues to ligand and substrate selectivity of phosphodiesterases: D.T. Manallack, et al.; J. Med. Chem. 48, 3449 (2005) Abstract
Related Products
Further Categories Containing This Product:
Phosphodiesterases / Related Products
 
 
ALX-350-246 Revised 07-Mar-08
Butein
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SYNONYMS 2',3,4,4'-Tetrahydroxychalcone
PRODUCT LINE Natural Products / Antibiotics
PRODUCT CATEGORY Natural Products - Protein Kinase Inhibitors
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Product Numbers: Format: Size: Unit Price: Quantity: Add To Cart
ALX-350-246-M010   10 mg 190.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C15H12O5
MW: 272.3
CAS NUMBER: 487-52-5
PURITY: ≥98% (HPLC)
APPEARANCE: Yellow solid.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in DMSO (>50mg/ml) or methanol; insoluble in water.
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: -20°C
HANDLING: Protect from light. Keep cool and dry under inert gas.
IDENTITY: Identity determined by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and MS.

Product Description
Plant polyphenol that acts as a specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Potently inhibits the tyrosine kinase activity of the EGF receptor and p60c-src. Potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. Inhibits glutathione reductase and rat liver glutathione S-transferase. Activator of human deacetylase SIRT1. Inhibits aromatase, showing chemopreventive properties. Directly inhibits IKK.
Product Specific Literature References
Inhibition of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-mediated epidermal ornithine decarboxylase induction and skin tumor promotion by new lipoxygenase inhibitors lacking protein kinase C inhibitory effects: E. Aizu, et al.; Carcinogenesis 7, 1809 (1986) Abstract
Protective effects of hydroxychalcones on free radical-induced cell damage: S. Sogawa, et al.; Biol. Pharm. Bull. 17, 251 (1994) Abstract
Cytotoxic effect of butein on human colon adenocarcinoma cell proliferation: C.C. Yit & N.P. Das; Cancer Lett. 82, 65 (1994) Abstract
Inhibitory effects of plant polyphenols on rat liver glutathione S-transferase: K. Zhang & N.P. Das; Biochem. Pharmacol. 47, 2063 (1994) Abstract
Endothelium-dependent relaxation of rat aorta by butein, a novel cyclic AMP-specific phosphodiesterase inhibitor: S.M. Yu, et al.; Eur. J. Pharmacol. 280, 69 (1995) Abstract
Butein (3,4,2',4'-tetrahydroxychalcone) ameliorates experimantal anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody-associated glomerulonephritis (3): K. Hayashi, et al.; Eur. J. Pharmacol. 316, 297 (1996) Abstract
Inhibition of glutathione reductase by plant polyphenols: K. Zhang, et al.; Biochem. Pharmacol 54, 1047 (1997) Abstract
Butein, a specific protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor: E.-B. Yang, et al.; BBRC 245, 435 (1998) Abstract
Antioxidant properties of butein isolated from Dalbergia odorifera: Z.J. Cheng, et al.; Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1392, 291 (1998) Abstract
Flavonoids inhibit cell growth and induce apoptosis in B16 melanoma 4A5 cells: K. Iwashita, et al.; Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 64, 1813 (2000) Abstract
Butein, a plant polyphenol, induces apoptosis concomitant with increased caspase-3 activity, decreased Bcl-2 expression and increased Bax expression in HL-60 cells: N.Y. Kim, et al.; Pharmacol. Toxicol. 88, 261 (2001) Abstract
Small molecule activators of sirtuins extend Saccharomyces cerevisiae lifespan: K.T. Howitz, et al.; Nature 425, 191 (2003) Abstract
The plant polyphenol butein inhibits testosterone-induced proliferation in breast cancer cells expressing aromatase: Y. Wang, et al.; Life Sci. 77, 39 (2005) Abstract
Butein, a tetrahydroxychalcone, inhibits nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB and NF-kappaB-regulated gene expression through direct inhibition of IkappaBalpha kinase beta on cysteine 179 residue: M.K. Pandey, et al.; J. Biol. Chem. 282, 17340 (2007) Abstract
Further Categories Containing This Product:
Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors • Natural Products - Anti-inflammatory Agents • Phosphodiesterases / Related Products • EGFR Kinase Inhibitors • Glutathione / Related Products • Glutathione S-Transferase • Natural Products - Chemopreventive Agents • IkB Kinases [IKKs] / Related Products • Natural Products - Antioxidants • Flavonoids / Related Products
 
 
ALX-550-322 Revised 29-Oct-07
Caffeine
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SYNONYMS 1,3,7-Trimethylxanthine
3,7-Dihydro-1,3,7-trimethyl-1H-purine-2,6-dione
PRODUCT LINE Natural Products / Antibiotics
PRODUCT CATEGORY Natural Products for Neurological Research
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ALX-550-322-G005   5 g 10.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C8H10N4O2
MW: 194.2
CAS NUMBER: 58-08-2
MERCK INDEX: 14: 1636
SOURCE/HOST: Found in tea leaves, coffee beans, cocoa beans, maté leaves, guarana paste and kola nuts.
PURITY: ≥99%
APPEARANCE: White powder.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in chloroform, 100% alcohol or hot water.
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: +20°C
HAZARD: TOXIC.

Product Description
CNS stimulant. Blocks adenosine A1 and A2A receptors. cAMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor. Interferes with the uptake and storage of Ca2+ by the sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle. Prevents apoptosis and cell cycle effects induced by various chemicals. Inhibits cellular DNA repair mechanisms. Anti-inflammatory.
Product Specific Literature References
Analogues of caffeine and theophylline: effect of structural alterations on affinity at adenosine receptors: J.W. Daly, et al.; J. Med. Chem. 29, 1305 (1986) Abstract
Caffeine as an analgesic adjuvant: a review of pharmacology and mechanisms of action: J. Sawynok & T.L. Yaksh; Pharmacol. Rev. 45, 43 (1993) Abstract
Caffeine prevents apoptosis and cell cycle effects induced by camptothecin or topotecan in HL-60 cells: F. Traganos, et al.; Cancer Res. 53, 4613 (1993) Abstract
Multiple effects of caffeine on calcium current in rat ventricular myocytes: I. Zahradnik & P. Palade; Pfluegers Arch. 424, 129 (1993) Abstract
Acute effects of caffeine on arterial stiffness, wave reflections, and central aortic pressures: T.G. Papaioannou, et al.; Am. J. Hypertens. 18, 129 (2005), (Review) Abstract
Caffeine and the dopaminergic system: O. Cauli & M. Morelli; Behav. Pharmacol. 16, 63 (2005), (Review) Abstract
Immunomodulatory effects of caffeine: friend or foe: L. A. Horrigan, et al.; Pharmacol. Ther. 111, 877 (2006), (Review) Abstract
Novel neuroprotection by caffeine and adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonists in animal models of Parkinson’s disease: A. Kalda, et al.; J. Neurol. Sci. 248, 9 (2006), (Review) Abstract
The enigmatic effects of caffeine in cell cycle and cancer: A. M. & Bode and Z. Dong; Cancer Lett. 247, 26 (2007), (Review) Abstract
Further Categories Containing This Product:
Natural Products - Other Signal Transduction Pathway Modulators • Ca2+ Modulators • Phosphodiesterases / Related Products • Neuroactive Agents Other Products • Natural Products - Apoptosis Inducers & Inhibitors • Natural Products for Cell Cycle Research • Natural Products - Anti-inflammatory Agents • Natural Products - Chemopreventive Agents • DNA Repair Other Products • Alkaloids • Active Substances from Fruit and Vegetables • Other Natural Products - DNA Regulation / Transcription
 
 
ALX-430-026 Revised 12-Sep-06
Calmidazolium chloride
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SYNONYMS 1-[bis(p-Chlorophenyl)methyl]-3-[2,4-dichloro-β-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)phenethyl] imidazolium chloride
PRODUCT LINE Signal Transduction
PRODUCT CATEGORY Calmodulin Inhibitors
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ALX-430-026-M010   10 mg 85.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-430-026-M050   50 mg 340.00 USD Add To Cart
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Product Specification
FORMULA: C31H23Cl7N2O
MW: 687.7
CAS NUMBER: 57265-65-3
PURITY: ≥98%
APPEARANCE: White powder.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in methanol, 100% ethanol, chloroform, DMSO or propylene glycol; almost insoluble in water.
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: +4°C

Product Description
Calmodulin antagonist. At least 150 times more potent than trifluoperazine (Prod. No. ALX- 550-310) as an inhibitor of brain calmodulin-dependent phosphodiesterase. Inhibitor of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. Blocks Ca2+-calmodulin binding to NOS.
Product Specific Literature References
Inhibitors of calmodulin impair the constitutive but not the inducible nitric oxide synthase activity in the rat aorta: V.B. Schini & P.M. Vanhoutte; J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 261, 553 (1992) Abstract
Calmidazolium, a calmodulin inhibitor, inhibits endothelium-dependent relaxations resistant to nitro-L-arginine in the canine coronary artery: S. Illiano, et al.; Br. J. Pharmacol. 107, 387 (1992) Abstract
The calmodulin antagonist calmidazolium stimulates release of nitric oxide in neuroblastoma N1E-115 cells: J. Hu & E.E. el-Fakahany; Neuroreport 4, 198 (1993) Abstract
Vasoactive intestinal peptide/pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide-dependent activation of membrane-bound NO synthase in smooth muscle mediated by pertussis toxin-sensitive Gi1-2: K.S. Murthy & G.M. Makhlouf; J. Biol. Chem. 269, 15977 (1994) Abstract
Mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase is constitutively active and is functionally upregulated in hypoxia: Z. Lacza, et al.; Free Radic. Biol. Med. 31, 1609 (2001) Abstract
Mitochondrial calcium uptake stimulates nitric oxide production in mitochondria of bovine vascular endothelial cells: E.N. Dedkova, et al.; Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 286, C406 (2004) Abstract; Full Text
Neural tube closure depends on nitric oxide synthase activity: A. Nachmany, et al.; J. Neurochem. 96, 247 (2006) Abstract
Further Categories Containing This Product:
Phosphodiesterases / Related Products • NOS Other Products • Ca2+ Channels (L-type)
 
 
ALX-270-171 Revised 30-Jun-08
Chlorpromazine . hydrochloride
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SYNONYMS 2-Chloro-10-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)phenothiazine . HCl
PRODUCT LINE Signal Transduction
PRODUCT CATEGORY Calmodulin Inhibitors
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ALX-270-171-G001   1 g 22.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-270-171-G005   5 g 66.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C17H19ClN2S . HCl
MW: 318.9 . 36.5
CAS NUMBER: 69-09-0
MERCK INDEX: 14: 2185
RTECS: SO1750000
PURITY: ≥98% (HPLC)
APPEARANCE: White to off-white powder.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in 100% ethanol, methanol or water (50mg/ml).
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: +4°C
USE/STABILITY: Not stable in aqueous solution. We strongly recommend always to use freshly prepared solutions.
HANDLING: Protect from light.
HAZARD: VERY TOXIC.

Product Description
Inhibits calmodulin stimulation of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase. Dopamine antagonist. D2 antagonist. H1 antagonist. Inhibits TNF-α production. Potent PLA2 inhibitor. Inhibits nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in mouse brain and prevents lipopolysaccharide induction of NOS in mouse lung. Antipsychotic.
Product Specific Literature References
Chlorpromazine as a substitute for ortho-dianisidine and ortho-tolidine in the determination of chlorine, hemoglobin, and peroxidase activity: H.B. Collier; Clin. Biochem. 7, 331 (1974) Abstract
Drug-protein interactions: binding of chlorpromazine to calmodulin, calmodulin fragments, and related calcium binding proteins: D.R. Marshak, et al.; Biochemistry 24, 144 (1985) Abstract
Selective inhibition of group II phospholipase A2 by quercetin: M. Lindahl & C. Tagesson; Inflammation 17, 573 (1993) Abstract
Chlorpromazine inhibits both the constitutive nitric oxide synthase and the induction of nitric oxide synthase after LPS challenge: M. Palacios, et al.; BBRC 196, 280 (1993) Abstract
Protective effect of calmodulin inhibitors against acute cyanide- induced lethality and convulsions in mice: H. Yamamoto; Toxicol. Lett. 66, 73 (1993) Abstract
Pharmacologic inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor production exert differential effects in lethal endotoxemia and in infection with live microorganisms in mice: M.G. Netea, et al.; J. Infect. Dis. 171, 393 (1995) Abstract
Pharmacological regulation of mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase: A. Boveris, et al.; Methods Enzymol. 359, 328 (2002) Abstract
Brain mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase: in vitro and in vivo inhibition by chlorpromazine: S. Lores-Arnaiz, et al.; Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 430, 170 (2004) Abstract
Further Categories Containing This Product:
Phosphodiesterases / Related Products • TNF-alpha & TNF Receptors Other Products • PLA2 Inhibitors • Chemopreventive Agents Other Products • NOS Inhibitors (NOS Induction & Enzyme Activity) • Dopaminergics & Dopamine Receptors / Related Products
 
 
ALX-270-404 Revised 24-Jan-06
Cilostamide
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SYNONYMS N-Cyclohexyl-N-methyl-4-(1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-6-quinolyloxy)butyramide
OCP 3689
PRODUCT LINE Signal Transduction
PRODUCT CATEGORY Phosphodiesterases / Related Products
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ALX-270-404-M005   5 mg 50.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-270-404-M025   25 mg 200.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C20H26N2O3
MW: 342.4
CAS NUMBER: 68550-75-4
PURITY: ≥98%
APPEARANCE: White to off-white solid.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in DMSO.
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: +4°C
HANDLING: Protect from light and oxygen. Packaged under inert gas.

Product Description
Selective inhibitor (IC50=70nM) of phosphodiesterase 3 (PDE3). Reverses the established effects of leptin on food intake and body weight. Blocks the leptin-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT3 at the hypothalamic level.
General Literature References
A phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase phosphodiesterase 3B-cyclic AMP pathway in hypothalamic action of leptin on feeding.: A.Z. Zhao, et al.; Nat. Neurosci. 5, 727 (2002) Abstract
Further Categories Containing This Product:
Obesity & Diabetes Other Products
 
 
ALX-620-079 Revised 11-Aug-06
CPF4
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SYNONYMS Coumarin phosphodiester-linked fluorescein
PRODUCT LINE Signal Transduction
PRODUCT CATEGORY Phosphodiesterases / Related Products
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ALX-620-079-C250   250 µg 381.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-620-079-C500   500 µg 667.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C44H28ClN2O14P
MW: 875.1
PURITY: ≥99% (1H-NMR)
APPEARANCE: Yellow solid.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in DMSO (10mM) or in aqueous buffers, pH>8.5.
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: +4°C
HANDLING: Protect from light. Keep cool and dry.
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Product Description
Enzyme-cleavable FRET sensor molecule for the ratiometric measurement of phosphodiesterase activity. This is an effective method for the monitoring of phosphodiesterase activity in real time with high sensitivity; a large spectral shift in the emission spectrum is noticed after hydrolysis of the phosphodiester linker by phosphodiesterase I (Ex(max): 370nm; Em(max) uncleaved: 515nm; Em(max) cleaved: 450nm). The role of NPPs (pyrophosphatases/phosphodiesterases) can also be investigated.
Product Specific Literature References
Design and synthesis of an enzyme-cleavable sensor molecule for phosphodiesterase activity based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer: H. Takakusa, et al.; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124, 1653 (2002) Abstract
Design and Synthesis of Intramolecular Resonance-Energy Transfer Probes for Use in Ratiometric Measurements in Aqueous Solution: Y. Kawanishi, et al.; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 39, 3438 (2000) Abstract
General Information
BACKGROUND/TECHNICAL INFORMATION FRET (fluorescence resonance energy transfer) is a radiationless transmission of an energy quantum between two fluorophores which are in close proximity. Cleavage of a chemical bond between these fluorophores, which have an overlap in their spectra, results in a large shift in the emission spectra. Addition of phosphodiesterase I, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds (substrates are nucleic acids and cyclic nucleotides), to an aqueous solution of CPF4 results in an increase in the donor fluorescence and a decrease in the acceptor fluorescence. CPF4 is an effective tool for the monitoring of the activity of phosphodiesterases in real time with high sensitivity.
Further Categories Containing This Product:
Dyes / Stains / Fluorescent Probes / Fluorescent Labels
 
 
ALX-480-038 Revised 18-Jun-08
IBMX
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SYNONYMS 3-Isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
PRODUCT LINE Neurobiology
PRODUCT CATEGORY Adenosine Receptors / Related Products
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ALX-480-038-M500   500 mg 99.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-480-038-G001   1 g 195.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C10H14N4O2
MW: 222.3
CAS NUMBER: 28822-58-4
RTECS: ZD8500000
PURITY: ≥98% (HPLC)
APPEARANCE: White to off-white solid.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in 100% ethanol, DMSO or methanol (warm, 50mg/ml); almost insoluble in water.
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: -20°C
HAZARD: HARMFUL.
IDENTITY: Identity determined by IR.

Product Description
Potent, non-specific inhibitor of phosphodiesterases. More potent than theophylline (Prod. No. ALX-480-062) at adenosine receptors. Accelerates conversion of mouse fibroblast cells into adipose cells.
Product Specific Literature References
Effects of xanthine derivatives on lipolysis and on adenosine 3',5'- monophosphate phosphodiesterase activity: J.A. Beavo, et al.; Mol. Pharmacol. 6, 597 (1970) Abstract
Adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate and insulin release: W. Montague & J.R. Cook; Biochem. J. 120, 9P (1970) Abstract
The role of adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate in the regulation of insulin release by isolated rat islets of Langerhans: W. Montague & J.R. Cook; Biochem. J. 122, 115 (1971) Abstract
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity in normal mouse pancreatic islets: S.J. Ashcroft, et al.; FEBS Lett. 20, 263 (1972) Abstract
The mode of action of adenosine 3’:5’-cyclic monophosphate in mammalian islets of Langerhans. Effects of insulin secretagogues on islet-cell protein kinase activity: W. Montague & S.L. Howell; Biochem. J. 134, 321 (1973) Abstract
Effects of methylxanthines on adenosine 3’,5’-monophosphate and corticosterone in the rat adrenal: A. Peytremann, et al.; Endocrinology 92, 525 (1973) Abstract
Concentration of adenosine 3’:5’-cyclic monophosphate in mouse pancreatic islets measured by a protein-binding radioassay: R.H. Cooper, et al.; Biochem. J. 134, 599 (1973) Abstract
Determination of theophylline in plasma by electron capture gas chromatography: H.A. Schwertner, et al.; Anal. Chem. 48, 1875 (1976) Abstract
Methyl xanthine phosphodiesterase inhibitors behave as prostaglandin antagonists in a perfused rat mesenteric artery preparation: D.F. Horrobin, et al.; Prostaglandins 13, 33 (1977) Abstract
Selective inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases by analogues of 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: G.L. Kramer, et al.; Biochemistry 16, 3316 (1977) Abstract
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases of human and rat gastric mucosa: U. Klotz, et al.; Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 296, 187 (1977) Abstract
Allergic reactions, cyclic AMP and histamine release: P.S. Skov, et al.; Experientia 33, 965 (1977) Abstract
Differentiation of 3T3-L2 fibroblasts into adipose cells in bromodeoxyuridine-suppressed cultures: T.R. Russell; PNAS 76, 4451 (1979) Abstract
Inhibition of growth of primary and metastatic Lewis lung carcinoma cells by the phosphodiesterase inhibitor isobutylmethylxanthine: P. Janik, et al.; Cancer Res. 40, 1950 (1980) Abstract
Induction of a transient elevation in intracellular levels of adenosine-3’,5’-cyclic monophosphate by chemotactic factors: an early event in human neutrophil activation: L. Simchowitz, et al.; J. Immunol. 124, 1482 (1980) Abstract
Selective inhibition of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP phosphodiesterases of cardiac nuclear fraction: G.S. Ahluwalia & A.R. Rhoads; Biochem. Pharmacol. 31, 665 (1982) Abstract
Characterization of the A2 adenosine receptor labeled by [3H]NECA in rat striatal membranes: R.F. Bruns, et al.; Mol. Pharmacol. 29, 331 (1986) Abstract
Methylxanthine inhibitors of phosphodiesterases: J.N. Wells & J.R. Miller; Methods Enzymol. 159, 489 (1988) Abstract
Psychomotor-stimulant effects of 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine: comparison with caffeine and 7-(2-c