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Phospholipase A2 [PLA2] / Related Products
You are here: Product Lines > Signal Transduction > Lipid Signalling Pathways > Phospholipase A2 [PLA2] / Related Products
 
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ALX-300-141 Revised 07-Jul-08
Arachidonoyl Thio-PC
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SYNONYMS 2-Deoxy-2-thioarachidonoylphosphatidylcholine
PRODUCT LINE Signal Transduction
PRODUCT CATEGORY Phospholipids / Related Products
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ALX-300-141-M005   5 mg 189.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C44H82NO6PS
MW: 784.2
CAS NUMBER: 146797-82-2
PURITY: ≥98%
FORMULATION: Liquid. Solution in ethanol containing 0.1% BHT.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in methanol, DMSO or dimethyl formamide; slightly soluble in water (0.5 mg/ml).
SHIPPING: SHIPPED ON BLUE ICE
LONG TERM STORAGE: -20°C
USE/STABILITY: Stable for at least 1 year after receipt when stored at –20°C.

Product Description
Substrate for all forms of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) including the cytosolic, Ca2+-dependent form (cPLA2). Upon hydrolysis of the thioester bond, free thiols are detected using DTNB (Ellmans reagent) (Prod. No. ALX-400-034). For an assay kit for cPLA2 based on this product see Prod. No. ALX-850-009.
Product Specific Literature References
1-Hexadecyl-2-arachidonoylthio-2-deoxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine as a substrate for the microtiterplate assay of human cytosolic phospholipase A2: L.J. Reynolds, et al.; Anal. Biochem. 217, 25 (1994) Abstract
General Information
BACKGROUND/TECHNICAL INFORMATION To change the solvent, evaporate the ethanol under a gentle stream of nitrogen and immediately add the solvent of choice. Addition of Triton X-100 will enhance the solubility significantly. The critical micellar concentration of Arachidonoyl Thio-PC is 2mM in 8mM Hepes (pH 7.4), 150mM NaCl, 10mM CaCl2, 4mM Triton X-100, 30% glycerol and 1mg/ml BSA.
Further Categories Containing This Product:
PLA2 Substrates
 
 
ALX-340-001 Revised 28-Jul-06
Arachidonyl trifluoromethylketone
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SYNONYMS AACOCF3
PRODUCT LINE Signal Transduction
PRODUCT CATEGORY PLA2 Inhibitors
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Product Numbers: Format: Size: Unit Price: Quantity: Add To Cart
ALX-340-001-M005   5 mg 70.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-340-001-M010   10 mg 110.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-340-001-M050   50 mg 390.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C21H31F3O
MW: 356.5
CAS NUMBER: 149301-79-1
PURITY: ≥98%
APPEARANCE: Clear to yellow oil.
SOLUBILITY: 25mg/ml soluble in 100% ethanol or DMSO.
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: -20°C
USE/STABILITY: Dissolve in solvent purged with nitrogen or argon. Store under nitrogen or argon in tightly sealed container. Solutions are stable for up to 1 month when stored under nitrogen or argon in tightly sealed container at -80°C.
HANDLING: PROTECT FROM AIR!
HAZARD: TOXIC.

Product Description
Selective inhibitor of both, Ca2+-dependent and Ca2+-independent phospholipase A2 (PLA2), but not secretory PLA2 (sPLA2). Also inhibits fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and anandamide amidase.
Product Specific Literature References
Inhibitors of arachidonoyl ethanolamide hydrolysis: B. Koutek, et al.; J. Biol. Chem. 269, 22937 (1994) Abstract; Full Text
Further Categories Containing This Product:
Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase [FAAH] / Related Products
 
 
ALX-270-047 Revised 26-Sep-07
Aristolochic acid
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SYNONYMS 8-Methoxy-6-nitrophenanthrol(3,4-d)-1,3-dioxide-5-carboxylic acid
PRODUCT LINE Natural Products / Antibiotics
PRODUCT CATEGORY Natural Products - Other Signal Transduction Pathway Modulators
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ALX-270-047-M025   25 mg 25.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-270-047-M100   100 mg 90.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C17H11NO7
MW: 341.3
CAS NUMBER: 313-67-7
MERCK INDEX: 14: 786
RTECS: CF3325000
SOURCE/HOST: Isolated from Aristolochia clematis.
PURITY: ≥97% (~1:1 mixture of aristolochic acids I (A) and II (B))
APPEARANCE: Yellow solid.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in DMSO or 100% ethanol.
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: +20°C
HAZARD: MAY BE CARCINOGENIC. TOXIC. MAY BE MUTAGENIC.

Product Description
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitor active against the enzymes found in many snake venoms as well as those of human platelets and synovial fluids. Inhibits ionophore-stimulated PLA2 activity in human neutrophils. Has been shown to be nephropathic and carcinogenic.
Product Specific Literature References
Characterization of three edema-inducing phospholipase A2 enzymes from habu (Trimeresurus flavoviridis) venom and their interaction with the alkaloid aristolochic acid: B.S. Vishwanath, et al.; Toxicon 25, 501 (1987) Abstract
Interaction of aristolochic acid with Vipera russelli phospholipase A2: its effect on enzymatic and pathological activities: B.S. Vishwanath & T.V. Gowda; Toxicon 25, 929 (1987) Abstract
Interaction of phospholipase A2 from Vipera russelli venom with aristolochic acid: a circular dichroism study: B.S. Vishwanath, et al.; Toxicon 25, 939 (1987) Abstract
Edema-inducing activity of phospholipase A2 purified from human synovial fluid and inhibition by aristolochic acid: B.S. Vishwanath, et al.; Inflammation 12, 549 (1988) Abstract
Effects of aristolochic acid on phospholipase A2 activity and arachidonate metabolism of human neutrophils: M.D. Rosenthal, et al.; Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1001, 3 (1989) Abstract
Suramin alters phosphoinositide synthesis and inhibits growth factor receptor binding in HT-29 cells: R. Kopp & A. Pfeiffer; Cancer Res. 50, 6490 (1990) Abstract
The effects of the phospholipase A2 inhibitors aristolochic acid and PGBx on A23187-stimulated mobilization of arachidonate in human neutrophils are overcome by diacylglycerol or phorbol ester: M.D. Rosenthal, et al.; Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1126, 319 (1992) Abstract
Evidence for different mechanisms involved in the formation of lyso platelet-activating factor and the calcium-dependent release of arachidonic acid from human neutrophils: J.D. Winkler, et al.; Biochem. Pharmacol. 44, 2055 (1992) Abstract
Selective inhibition of group II phospholipase A2 by quercetin: M. Lindahl & C. Tagesson; Inflammation 17, 573 (1993) Abstract
Detection of DNA adducts formed by aristolochic acid in renal tissue from patients with Chinese herbs nephropathy: H.H. Schmeiser, et al.; Cancer Res. 56, 2025 (1996) Abstract
Aristolochic acid and ’Chinese herbs nephropathy’: a review of the evidence to date: J.P. Cosyns; Drug Saf. 26, 33 (2003), Review Abstract
Effect of aristolochic acid on intracellular calcium concentration and its links with apoptosis in renal tubular cells: Y.H. Hsin, et al.; Apoptosis 11, 2167 (2006) Abstract
Further Categories Containing This Product:
PLA2 Inhibitors • Carcinogens & Tumor Promoters Other Products • Natural Products - Other Tumor Promoters • Alkaloids • Other Toxins
 
 
ALX-270-195 Revised 14-Jan-08
Bromoenol lactone
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SYNONYMS BEL
(E)-6-(Bromomethylene)tetrahydro-3-(1-naphthalenyl)-2H-pyran-2-one
PRODUCT LINE Signal Transduction
PRODUCT CATEGORY PLA2 Inhibitors
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ALX-270-195-M005   5 mg 136.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C16H13BrO2
MW: 317.2
CAS NUMBER: 88070-98-8
PURITY: 98%
APPEARANCE: White to off-white crystalline solid.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in 100% ethanol, methanol, acetonitrile, DMSO or dimethyl formamide.
SHIPPING: SHIPPED ON BLUE ICE
LONG TERM STORAGE: -20°C
USE/STABILITY: Before use, product should be dissolved in an organic solvent miscible with water. Further dilutions in aqueous buffers should be made just prior to performing experiment. Store aqueous solutions on ice and use within 12 hours. Although the aqueous solutions may be stable for more than 12 hours, we strongly recommend using a fresh preparation each day.
HAZARD: IRRITANT.

Product Description
Potent, irreversible inhibitor of Ca2+-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2). Also inhibits the macrophage PLA2 in a concentration-dependent manner. Effective enzyme-activated irreversible inhibitor of chymotrypsin.
Product Specific Literature References
Haloenol lactones. Potent enzyme-activated irreversible inhibitors for alpha-chymotrypsin: S.B. Daniels, et al.; J. Biol. Chem. 258, 15046 (1983) Abstract; Full Text
Suicide inhibition of canine myocardial cytosolic calcium-independent phospholipase A2. Mechanism-based discrimination between calcium- dependent and -independent phospholipases A2: S.L. Hazen, et al.; J. Biol. Chem. 266, 7227 (1991) Abstract; Full Text
Inhibition of macrophage Ca(2+)-independent phospholipase A2 by bromoenol lactone and trifluoromethyl ketones: E.J. Ackermann, et al.; J. Biol. Chem. 270, 445 (1995) Abstract; Full Text
Inhibition of calcium-independent phospholipase A2 prevents arachidonic acid incorporation and phospholipid remodeling in P388D1 macrophages: J. Balsinde, et al.; PNAS 92, 8527 (1995) Abstract
 
 
ALX-630-050 Revised 10-Oct-08
β-Bungarotoxin
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SYNONYMS β-BuTx
PRODUCT LINE Natural Products / Antibiotics
PRODUCT CATEGORY Neurotoxins
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ALX-630-050-M001   1 mg 60.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
MW: 6979.0
CAS NUMBER: 12778-32-4
MERCK INDEX: 14: 1488
SOURCE/HOST: Isolated from Bungarus multicinctus.
PURITY: ≥98%
APPEARANCE: Lyophilized.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in water or aqueous buffers.
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: -20°C
HAZARD: HARMFUL.
Product Description
Presynaptic, neurotoxic phospholipase A2 activity.
Product Specific Literature References
Use of a snake venom toxin to characterize the cholinergic receptor protein: J.P. Changeux, et al.; PNAS 67, 1241 (1970) Abstract
Amino acid sequence of alpha-bungarotoxin from the venom of Bungarus multicinctus: D. Mebs, et al; BBRC 44, 711 (1971) Abstract
Alpha-bungarotoxin binding and central nervous system nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: R.E. Oswald; Neuroscience 6, 1 (1981) Abstract
Amino acid sequence of beta 2-bungarotoxin from Bungarus multicinctus venom. The amino acid substitutions in the B chains: K. Kondo, et al.; J. Biochem. 91, 1519 (1982) Abstract
Amino acid sequences of three beta-bungarotoxins (beta 3-, beta 4-, and beta 5- bungarotoxins) from Bungarus multicinctus venom. Amino acid substitutions in the A chains: K. Kondo; J. Biochem. 91, 1531 (1982) Abstract
Biochemical and electrophysiological demonstrations of the actions of beta-bungarotoxin on synapses in brain: J.V. Halliwell; J. Neurochem. 39, 543 (1982) Abstract
Solubilization and characterization of the beta-bungarotoxin-binding protein of chick brain membranes: H. Rehm & H. Betz; J. Biol. Chem. 259, 6865 (1984) Abstract; Full Text
Beta-bungarotoxin inhibits a non-inactivating potassium current in guinea pig dorsal root ganglion neurones: M. Petersen, et al.; Neurosci. Lett. 68, 141 (1986) Abstract
Cross-linking of beta-bungarotoxin to chick brain membranes. Identification of subunits of a putative voltage-gated K+ channel: R.R. Schmidt & H. Betz; Biochemistry 28, 8346 (1989) Abstract
Nucleotide sequence encoding beta-bungarotoxin A2-chain from the venom glands of Bungarus multicinctus: J.M. Danse, et al.; Nucl. Acids Res. 18, 4609 (1990) Abstract
Potassium channel toxins: P.N. Strong; Pharmacol. Ther. 46, 137 (1990), (Review) Abstract
Mechanism of action of beta-bungarotoxin, a presynaptically acting phospholipase A2 neurotoxin: its effect on protein phosphorylation in rat brain synaptosomes: E. Ueno & P. Rosenberg; Toxicon 34, 1219 (1996) Abstract
What does beta-bungarotoxin do at the neuromuscular junction?: E.G. Rowan; Toxicon 39, 107 (2001), (Review) Abstract
Induction by beta-bungarotoxin of apoptosis in cultured hippocampal neurons is mediated by Ca(2+)-dependent formation of reactive oxygen species: O. Shakhman, et al.; J. Neurochem. 87, 598 (2003) Abstract
Phospholipase A(2) activity of beta-bungarotoxin is essential for induction of cytotoxicity on cerebellar granule neurons: Y.J. Chen; J. Neurobiol. 64, 213 (2005) Abstract
Mechanism of beta-bungarotoxin in facilitating spontaneous transmitter release at neuromuscular synapse: J.C. Liou, et al.; Neuropharmacology 51, 671 (2006) Abstract
Further Categories Containing This Product:
K+ Channel Blockers & Inhibitors • PLA2
 
 
ALX-270-171 Revised 30-Jun-08
Chlorpromazine . hydrochloride
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SYNONYMS 2-Chloro-10-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)phenothiazine . HCl
PRODUCT LINE Signal Transduction
PRODUCT CATEGORY Calmodulin Inhibitors
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ALX-270-171-G001   1 g 22.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-270-171-G005   5 g 66.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C17H19ClN2S . HCl
MW: 318.9 . 36.5
CAS NUMBER: 69-09-0
MERCK INDEX: 14: 2185
RTECS: SO1750000
PURITY: ≥98% (HPLC)
APPEARANCE: White to off-white powder.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in 100% ethanol, methanol or water (50mg/ml).
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: +4°C
USE/STABILITY: Not stable in aqueous solution. We strongly recommend always to use freshly prepared solutions.
HANDLING: Protect from light.
HAZARD: VERY TOXIC.

Product Description
Inhibits calmodulin stimulation of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase. Dopamine antagonist. D2 antagonist. H1 antagonist. Inhibits TNF-α production. Potent PLA2 inhibitor. Inhibits nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in mouse brain and prevents lipopolysaccharide induction of NOS in mouse lung. Antipsychotic.
Product Specific Literature References
Chlorpromazine as a substitute for ortho-dianisidine and ortho-tolidine in the determination of chlorine, hemoglobin, and peroxidase activity: H.B. Collier; Clin. Biochem. 7, 331 (1974) Abstract
Drug-protein interactions: binding of chlorpromazine to calmodulin, calmodulin fragments, and related calcium binding proteins: D.R. Marshak, et al.; Biochemistry 24, 144 (1985) Abstract
Selective inhibition of group II phospholipase A2 by quercetin: M. Lindahl & C. Tagesson; Inflammation 17, 573 (1993) Abstract
Chlorpromazine inhibits both the constitutive nitric oxide synthase and the induction of nitric oxide synthase after LPS challenge: M. Palacios, et al.; BBRC 196, 280 (1993) Abstract
Protective effect of calmodulin inhibitors against acute cyanide- induced lethality and convulsions in mice: H. Yamamoto; Toxicol. Lett. 66, 73 (1993) Abstract
Pharmacologic inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor production exert differential effects in lethal endotoxemia and in infection with live microorganisms in mice: M.G. Netea, et al.; J. Infect. Dis. 171, 393 (1995) Abstract
Pharmacological regulation of mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase: A. Boveris, et al.; Methods Enzymol. 359, 328 (2002) Abstract
Brain mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase: in vitro and in vivo inhibition by chlorpromazine: S. Lores-Arnaiz, et al.; Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 430, 170 (2004) Abstract
Further Categories Containing This Product:
Dopaminergics & Dopamine Receptors / Related Products • Phosphodiesterases / Related Products • TNF-alpha & TNF Receptors Other Products • PLA2 Inhibitors • Chemopreventive Agents Other Products • NOS Inhibitors (NOS Induction & Enzyme Activity)
 
 
ALX-340-008 Revised 22-May-07
7,7-Dimethyleicosadienoic acid
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SYNONYMS DEDA
PRODUCT LINE Signal Transduction
PRODUCT CATEGORY PLA2 Inhibitors
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ALX-340-008-M010   10 mg 120.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C22H40O2
MW: 336.6
CAS NUMBER: 89560-01-0
PURITY: ≥99%
APPEARANCE: Colorless oil.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in 100% ethanol or methanol.
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: -20°C
USE/STABILITY: Solutions are stable for up to 6 months when stored at –20°C.

Product Description
Potent inhibitor of snake venom phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and weak inhibitor of 5-lipoxygenase. Inhibits human recombinant synovial phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) selectively over cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2).
Product Specific Literature References
Analogs of arachidonic acid methylated at C-7 and C-10 as inhibitors of leukotriene biosynthesis: N. Cohen, et al.; Prostaglandins 27, 553 (1984) Abstract
A.F. Welton, et al.; Prostaglandins 28, 649 (1984)
Inhibition studies on the membrane-associated phospholipase A2 in vitro and prostaglandin E2 production in vivo of the macrophage-like P388D1 cell. Effects of manoalide, 7,7-dimethyl-5,8-eicosadienoic acid, and p- bromophenacyl bromide: M.D. Lister, et al.; J. Biol. Chem. 264, 8520 (1989) Abstract; Full Text
Effect of the phospholipase A2 inhibitors quinacrine and 7,7- dimethyleicosadienoic acid in isolated globally ischemic rat hearts: C.A. Sargent, et al.; J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 262, 1161 (1992) Abstract
Secretory phospholipase A2 inhibitors and calmodulin antagonists as inhibitors of cytosolic phospholipase A2: W.C. Hope, et al.; Agents Actions 39, C39 (1993) Abstract
Further Categories Containing This Product:
Lipoxygenases / Related Products
 
 
ALX-300-097 Revised 09-Dec-04
1,2-Dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphomethanol . sodium salt
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PRODUCT LINE Signal Transduction
PRODUCT CATEGORY Phospholipids / Related Products
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ALX-300-097-M050   50 mg 30.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-300-097-M250   250 mg 90.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C32H62O8P . Na
MW: 605.8 . 23.0
PURITY: ≥99%
APPEARANCE: Off-white solid.
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: -20°C

Product Description
Substrate for kinetic studies of phospholipase A2.
Product Specific Literature References
Kinetics of interfacial catalysis by phospholipase A2 in intravesicle scooting mode, and heterofusion of anionic and zwitterionic vesicles: M.K. Jain, et al.; Biochim. Biophys. Acta 860, 435 (1986) Abstract
Competitive inhibition of phospholipase A2 in vesicles: M.K. Jain, et al.; Biochemistry 28, 4135 (1989) Abstract
Active-site-directed specific competitive inhibitors of phospholipase A2: novel transition-state analogues: M.K. Jain, et al.; Biochemistry 30, 10256 (1991) Abstract
Further Categories Containing This Product:
PLA2 Substrates
 
 
ALX-340-010 Revised 28-Feb-07
ETYA
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SYNONYMS 5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraynoic acid
PRODUCT LINE Inflammation
PRODUCT CATEGORY Lipoxygenases / Related Products
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ALX-340-010-M005   5 mg 40.00 USD Add To Cart
ALX-340-010-M025   25 mg 120.00 USD Add To Cart
Product Specification
FORMULA: C20H24O2
MW: 296.5
CAS NUMBER: 1191-85-1
PURITY: ≥95%
APPEARANCE: White to off-white solid.
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in 100% ethanol, methanol, DMSO, acetone or acetonitrile.
SHIPPING: AMBIENT
LONG TERM STORAGE: -20°C
USE/STABILITY: We do not recommend storing the solutions for more than one day.
HANDLING: Protect from light and oxygen.
HAZARD: TOXIC.